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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
which Ach receptors cause an indirect affect on cell?
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muscarinic receptors
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which Ach receptors cause a direct affect on cell?
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nicotinic receptors
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which receptors are usually found in the brain, ganglia, skeletal muscle fibers, neuromuscular junctions?
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nicotinic receptors
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which receptors are usually found smooth & cardiac muscles, glands, & other parts of brain?
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muscarinic receptors
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which receptors are associated with G protein activation?
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muscarinic
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muscarinic receptors cause an excitatory affect in _______
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smooth muscle (contract)
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muscarinic receptors cause an inhibitory affect in ______
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heart cardiac (slows)
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how does G protein activate?
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binding of muscarine activates
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what happens when alpha disassociates?
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binds & activates (AC) adenylate cyclase, which generates cAMP (with the help of ATP), cAMP activates protein Kinase which phosphorolates an ion ch to open
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which ion are muscarinic receptors associated with that cause EPSP or IPSP?
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K+
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voltage gated chs are found in _____
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axons
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chemically regulated chs are found in _____
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post synaptic mb
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voltage regulated chs open in response to _______
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depolarization
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what do chemically regulated chs open in response to?
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binding of postsynaptic receptors to their neurotransmitter ligand
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VGCCs open in response to ______
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AP
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in presynaptic terminal Ca+ binds to _______
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sensor protein synaptotagamin
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Synaptotagamin/Ca+ complex activates ______ to bind with snare complex on presynaptic mb
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neurotransmitter ligand (in synaptic vesicles)
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what happens after neurotransmitters Ligand attach snare complex?
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snare complex disassociates & fusion exocytosis of Ligand neurotrans occurs into synaptic cleft
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when neurotrans Ligand is released into presynaptic cleft, it then ______
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binds receptor protein on postsynaptic terminal mb
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if synapse is ionotropic, receptor for Ligand is _______
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ligand gated ion channel
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the binding of neurotrans Ligand to ligand gated ion ch will _____
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open and produce local change in Vm
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what will cause depolarization if neurotrans Ligand binds ligand gated ion ch?
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+ ion (Na+/Ca+) enter, depolarization, EPSP, & if a lot Nt Ligand then possible AP produced
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how does Ca+ play a role in inhibiting AP?
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Nt Ligand binds ligand gated ion ch & if Cl- enters causes hyperpolarization IPSP
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neurotransmitters are considered _________
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ligands
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drugs that activate receptor proteins are called _______
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agonists
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drugs that inactivate receptor proteins are called _____
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antagonists
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for ion chs that are ligand gated the receptor protein is _____
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also ion ch
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what is the most common synapse?
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axodendritic synapse
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in the CNS the synapses are _____(3)
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axodendritic, axoaxonic, & axosomatic
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in the PNS the synapses are neurons connected to ______(3)
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another neuron, a gland, or muscle (neuromuscular junction)
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________synapses are electrically coupled together (2 cells)
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electrical
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where are gap junctions found?
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joining electrical synapses
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what allows cytoplasmic continuity & functional syncytia?
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gap junctions between electrical synapse
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where are CAMs found?
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betw chemical synapse- help hold 2 terminals close
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when an impulse is initiated at dendrites, this is called ______
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axodendritic synapse (most common)
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where are receptors in axodendritic synapse?
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dendrites
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where can an AP be produced in an axodendritic synapse?
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initial segment of axon (hillock)
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is impulse decremental in axodendritic synapse?
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yes, not an AP yet so it is decremental
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where are voltage gated Ca+ chs found?
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in presynaptic terminal
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where are chemically regulated Ca+ chs found?
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postsynaptic mb
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voltage gated Ca+ chs open in response to ______
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AP
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chemically gated Ca+ chs open in response to ______
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binding of ligand to ligand gated ion ch receptor
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the postsynaptic terminal is located on _____
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dendrites and cell bodies
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the presynaptic terminal is located _____
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on axon terminal
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the maintenance, survivability, embryonic dev, & injury response are functions of __(3)
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neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, & GDNF
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neurotrophins are _____
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growth factors (NGF, BDNF, GDNF)
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astrocytes are joined together through ____
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gap junctions
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what is bidirectional communication
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when astrocytes turn glutamate (in brain) into glutamine, return to brain & axon turns glutamine into glutamate again
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glutamate is released in brain by _____
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axon
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_____ is an excitatory neurotrans in brain & exotoxicity can cause seizure
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glutamate
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how does Ca+ wave occur?
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neuron releases ATP by an astrocyte causes increase Ca+ conc in astrocyte, dominoes
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a high conc of _____ & _____ are dangerous in brain
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K+ and glutamate
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______ function in the removal of extracellular K+ in brain
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astrocytes
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votage gated Na+ & K+ chs are found in _____
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along axon (if myelinated only at nodes of R along axon)
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the 2nd msgr system is ______ signaling
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metabotropic
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K+ is mainly associated with ____ receptor, whereas Na+ is mainly associated with _____
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K+ muscarinic receptor,
Na+ Nicotinic receptor |
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_____ binds nicotinic receptor & Na+ rushes into cell
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2 Ach
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is AP conducted when 2 Ach bind nicotinic receptors?
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if threshold is reached after Na+ rushes into cell
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neuromuscular junction is a synapse in the _____nervous system
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PNS
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where do EPSPs occur?
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dendrites & cell body
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tetrodotoxin inhibits ______
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AP
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curare inhibits ______
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EPSPs
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the receptor/ligand interaction is transient. what does this mean?
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that Ach/receptor complex disassociates after binding & can form & reform if Ach is avail
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what would happen if abundant amount of Ach in synaptic cleft?
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muscle contraction would cause flaccid paralysis
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what can inhibit the production of AchE?
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nerve gases
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what is curare used for?
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muscle relaxer
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what is myasthenia gravis?
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autoimmune destruction of Ach receptors. muscles cant contract, even for respiration- fatal
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what is responsible for breaking down Ach in the cleft?
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AchE
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how is myasthenia gravis treated?
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inhibit AchE from breaking down Ach so Ach receptors are used more efficiently bc there would be more Ach avail
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tetrodotoxin is found in _____
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puffer fish
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what are the affects of tetrodotoxin?
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voltage gated Na+ ch blocker. cant fire AP
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_____ disease involves loss of cholinergic neurons
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Alzheimers
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Alzheimers loss of cholinergic neurons causes _____& affects are____
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less Ach released- memory & difficulty concentrating
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what drug is an Ach inhibitor that improves alertness & works in CNS for Alzheimers?
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aricept
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catecholamines are a subclass of monoamine neurotrans named ___, ____, ____
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epinephrine, norepinephrine, & dopamine
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_____ is better classified as a hormone instead of neurotrans bc it is released into blood
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epinephrine
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epinephrine is produced in _____
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adrenal medulla and released into blood
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monoamines that are not catecholamines include _____(3)
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seratonin, melatonin, & histamine
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how can monoamine neurotransmitter release be turned on and off quickly?
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reuptake transporters or MAO (breaks down monoamines)
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what are MAOIs and where are they found?
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inhibits MAOs so neurotrans would accumulate. found in presynaptic terminal
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what would happen if a MAOI drug was administered to patient?
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increased release of neurotrans upon Ca+ entry used for treating depression
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what nt is the "happy transmitter" and is a derivative of triptophan?
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serotonin
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______ is used to treat pt's for mood, depression, anxiety, migranes, and suppress appetite
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serotonin
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_____ blocks the reuptake in serotonin, dopamine, & norepinephrine
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cocaine
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_____ effects are fine motor control (handwiriting) & is used to treat Parkinsons disease (too little dopamine), & schizophrenia
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dopamine
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where is dopamine located?
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midbrain
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what are the 2 pathways of dopamine?
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mesolimbic & nigrostriatal
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the mesolimbic pathway for dopamine is involved in ____ & ______
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reward and behavior
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the Nigrostriatal pathway for dopamine involves the ____ & is located at the _____ of the brain
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involves basil ganglia & located at substantia nigra
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alcohol, amphetamine, cocaine, THC, morphine, & nicotine all activate dopaminergic neurons of ______ system.
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mesolimbic
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______ has neuroleptic agents: Antischizophrenic drugs for Schizophrenia antagonize mesolimbic receptors
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dopamine
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degeneration of fibers this neuron generates results in Parkinson's disease:
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dopamine
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in PNS, _____ neurontrans are released from sympathetic fibers (fight/flight) smooth muscle, heart, & glands
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Norepinephrine NE
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in CNS drugs like amphetamine & tricyclic antidepressants affect _____ neurotrans
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norepinephrine NE
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in CNS amphetamine blocks reuptake & stimulates release of _____ neurotransmitter
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NE
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____ antidepressants increase NE levels.
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tricyclic
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neuropeptides are ______
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polypeptide neurotransmitters
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_______ is a neuropeptide involved in pain sensation ie. Lance Armstrong
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Substance P
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______ are receptors in brain relieve pain after exercise, childbirth. They produce Beta Endorphins, enkephalins, & dynorphins
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Endogenous Opoids
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______are endogenous chemicals that are lipid and bind in brain similar effects to THC.
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Endocannabinoids
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____ neurotrans is involved in fight/flight as well as depression
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norepinephrine
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Anandamide & Archadidonyl Glycerol (2AG) are the _____ portion of the __________
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lipid, endocannabinoids
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endocannabinoids bind _____ receptor
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Anandamide receptor
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______ are abundant, stimulate appetite, allow to erase unnecessary memories
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endocannabinoids
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this was the 1st gas to be identified as a neurotransmitter
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nitric oxide
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_____ neurotrans causes local vasodilation in vessels
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nitric oxide
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nitric oxide and CO2 trigger the production of ______
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cGMP (2nd msgr)
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_____ is released by some neurons that innervate GI tract, penis, respiratory tr, & cerebral vessels
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nitric oxide
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this drug increases the actions of nitric oxide:
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viagra
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drugs that stimulate _____ neurotrans can be administered to people with chest pain (helps dilate)
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nitric oxide
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________ are retrograde neurotransmitters.
➢ Inhibit presynaptic release ➢ Also inhibition of inhibitory neurons |
endocannabinoids
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___(2)__ are both excitatory AA neurotrans
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glutamate & aspertate
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what is the main excitatory neurotrans in the CNS?
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glutamate
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___(2)___ are the inhibitory AA neurotransmitters
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glycine, & GABA, (also poison strychnine is inhibitory but not neurotransmitter)
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glutamate receptors are _____meaning that they generate EPSPs
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ligand gated ion chs
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what are the 3 receptor subtypes for glutamate
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NMDA, AMPA, & kainate
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the binding of glutamate to this receptor is important for long term potentiation which is important for memory & learning:
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NMDA ligand gated ion ch
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in order for this ch to open, glutamate needs to bind _____ & a strong depolarization at the same time is required
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NMDA ligand gated ion ch
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the opening of ligand gated ion ch from the binding of NMDA and glutamate will allow ___ cells into the cell
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Na+ and Ca+
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the opening of ligand gated ion ch by the binding of glutamate & AMPA allows ___ into the cell
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Na+
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tbinding of glutamate & ____ opens ligand gated ion ch & allows Na+, & Ca+(slight amt) into cell, & allows K+ out of cell
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kainate
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Overactivity of Glutamate or Glutamate R's could result in ___
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seizure (Exotoxicity)
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_______ inhibitory effects are important in spinal cord because they help control skeletal muscle movements
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Glycine
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how do glycine and GABA inhibit?
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they bind their receptors which opens Cl- chs, hyperpolarizes post syn mb, & produce IPSP.
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what could happen is glycine receptors were blocked?
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fatal. I.e. Strychnine, (poison) blocks Glycine receptors causes spastic paralysis, resulting in inability to relax diaphragm, & asphyxiation.
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a decrease in Gabaergic (GABA) neurons is responsible for uncontrolled movements as seen in _____Disease.
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Huntington’s disease
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Diet can affect levels of this neurotransmitter because it is derived from tryptophan (milk turkey)
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serotonin
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Prozac, Paxil, & Zoloft are _______inhibitors and aim to elevate mood. (Antidepressants)
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Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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these __(3)___ neurotrans elevate mood
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Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine
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what is the main neurotrans in the PNS?
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norepinephrine
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if you had too much ___ neurotrans you would be really tired often and it could lead to depression
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GABA
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barbituates, valium, xanex, ethanol, & some antiseizure drugs all bind ____ and can make a patient very tired & sleepy
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GABA
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_____ are retrograde polypeptide neurotrans- they release from postsyn & diffuse backward to axons of presyn & inhibit the presyn release or inhibit the inhibitors (GABA)
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endocannabinoids
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the summation of many EPSPs may be needed to produce a depolarization of sufficient magnitude to stimulate the postsyn to threshold. why?
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because the net effect of EPSPs are is reduced by hyperpolarization (IPSPs) which is produced by inhibitory neurons
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divergence of neural pathways can occur if axons have _____
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axon collaterals
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what is divergence?
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1 neuron synapses with many other neurons (via axon collaterals), can stimulate or inhibit them
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what is the pathway called when many axons makes a synapse with a single neuron?
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convergence
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EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at axon hillock. Due to convergence (many axons synapse with 1 neuron)
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spatial summation
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______ is when a single synapse generates EPSPs at high rate. Each is generated before the last one decays, meaning they are addictive & can reach threshold
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temporal summation (temporal= relates to time)
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give an example of presynaptic inhibition
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an inhibitory neuron synapses on the presynaptic terminal of an excitatory neuron, thus inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters
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2 presyn neurons: 1 fires EPSPs & other fires IPSPs onto the cb of a postsyn cell. the sum of PSPs will either inhibit or fire AP. what is this an example of?
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postsyn inhibition
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in the spinal cord, the gray matter is composed of _____ & white matter is ______ (opposite of brain)
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gray- cell bodies & dendrites
white- myelinated axons |
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the _____ of the spinal tracts transfers sensory in. (ascending)
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dorsal root
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the _____ of the spinal tracts transfers motor out (descending)
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ventral root
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the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the ______
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1st lumbar vert
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in the spinal cord, the ____ are in the center & _____ surrounds it
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center- cbs & dendrites (gray)
outer- myelinated axons (white) |
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the ascending spinal tracts carry _____ info to the brain, while descending tracts carry ____info away from brain
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ascending-sensory to brain
descending- motor away from brain |
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the ascending & descending fiber tracts are the _____ matter of the spinal cord
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white matter
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the spinothalamic tract carries info ____
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sensory- up the spinal cord to thalamus
prefix=spino suffix=brain region |
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in terms of names, the descending spinal tracts begin with ___ and end with ____
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prefix=brain region
suffix=spinal I.e. corticospinal tracts |
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the ____ spinal tracts carry information from skin receptors, propioreceptors, & visceral receptors
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ascending- sensory
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most ____ pathways decussate
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ascending- cross pathways & effect the other side I.e. medial leminiscal tract & spinalthalamic tract
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