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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Under normal conditions, endothelium produces Anti-Thrombogenic substances (2)
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1) Prostacyclin
2) Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) |
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Anti-coagulant Substance (1)
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1) Thrombomodulin
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Prothrombogenic Substances (3)
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1) Tissue Thromboplastin
2) von Willebrand Factor (coagulation factor VIII) 3) Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor |
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Vasoconstrictors (2)
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1) Endothelin
2) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) |
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Vasodilators (2)
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1) Nitric Oxide
2) Prostacyclin (what's its other function) |
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7 Functions of Endothelium
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1) Maintenance of Selective Permeability Barrier
2) Maintenance of non-thrombogenic barrier: producing anti-thrombogenic substances and anti-coagulants 3) Secretion of prothrombic substances 4) Modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance by secretion of Vasoconstrictors and Vasodilators 5) Modulation of immune and inflammatory responses - leukocyte adhesion molecules and their receptors -> diapedesis; secretion of Interleukins 6) Hormonal Synthesis - secretes Growth Factors and Inhibitory Factors that help to regulate Hematopoeisis. Inactivate Blood-Borne Compounds. 7) Lipoprotein Oxidation - oxidized by free radicals produced by endothelial cells -> endocytosed by macrophages -> form Foam cells -> first step in atherosclerotic plaque formation |
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Tunica Intima
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Endocardium
-endothelium in BM -subendothelial layer -subendocardial layer |
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Tunica Media
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Myocardium
-concentrically arranged muscle cells that insert onto cardiac skeleton (wring blood from chambers) -elastin and collagen fibers |
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Tunica Adventitia
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Epicardium
-forms visceral lining of pericardium -Collagen fibers and elastin -veins have more developed tunica adventitia then arteries -In larger arteries, Nervi Vascularis (autonomic nerve network) is found in Tunica Adventitia and controls smooth muscle contraction and network of small blood vessels that supply oxygen to outer half of vessel wall (Vasa Vasorum) |
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Islands of Chondroid of Cardiac Skeleton
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cartilage-like material that can become calcified with age
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Electrical Insulation of Cardiac Skeleton between what
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Acts as an electrical insulator between atria and ventricles.
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3 parts of Cardiac Skeleton
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1) Septum Membranaceum - within interventricular septa
2) Annuli Fibrosi - the 4 fibrous rings that surround the aorta and pulmonary artery and the right and left atrioventricular orifices; prevent these things from becoming dilated when blood is forced through them 3) Trigona Fibrosa (right and left) - 2 triangular masses of CT that connect the annuli fibrosi of the atrioventricular orifices with those of the aorta and pulmonary artery. |
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Nodulus Arranti
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Formed in Aortic and Pulmonic Valves by a thickening in the central layer of the free edges of each valve leaflet.
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location of elastica interna and elastica externa
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Both are found in Muscular Arteries. Elastica Interna in the Tunica Intima. Elastica Externa (thinner) in the Tunica Adventitia.
Elastica Interna also found in small arteries and arterioles but Elastica Externa NOT FOUND in arterioles and small arteries. |
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metarteriole
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go from arterioles to venules.
capillaries branch either directly from an arteriole or from a metarteriole. they are the proximal segments of Thoroughfare Channels. Surrounded by smooth muscle cells, which form precapillary sphincters (regulate bloodflow into capillary beds) |
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Thoroughfare Channels
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Allow some blood to pass more directly from arterioles to venules (bypassing the capillary bed). When the precapillary sphincters are closed, less blood to capillaries, instead will go through thoroughfare channels through metarteriole into postcapillary venule.
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Arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA's or AV Shunts)
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coiled arterioles that go from arteries to veins.
Direct routes from arteries to veins that divert blood from capillaries. Mostly present in dermis of fingertips, lips, nose (thermoregulation), and erectile tissue |
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Pericytes
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Pericytes are cells enclosed in the basal lamina and partially surround the capillaries. They may be contractile, containing actin and myosin. NO TUNICA MEDIA OR ADVENTITIA IN THE CAPILLARIES.
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3 types of capillaries
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Continous Capillaries - receptor mediated, in muscle, lung, exocrine glands, nervous tissue (BBB),
Fenestrated capillaries - Specialized for rapid exchange of fluids, covered by thin diaphragm (except in kidney), present in pancreas, intestinal tract, endocrine glands, kidney Discontinuous (Sinusoids) capillaries - large diameters, big gaps, large fenestrations, no diaphragms, bone marrow, liver, spleen, specialized for rapid exchange of large molecules and cells |
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postcapillary venule vs. venule
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postcapillary venule has no smooth muscle cells whereas venule does and smooth muscle continues to get bigger in size as venules form veins
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what is thicker in venule versus arteriole
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tunica adventitia is thicker in venule - contains prominent longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle
tunica media is thicker in artieriole |
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vasa vasorum more abundant in veins or arteries?
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in veins
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valves in veins
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prevent blood flow away from heart due to effect of gravity.
valves open when muscle contract and are derived from intima. veina are Capacitance Vessels - can store a lot of blood b/c of their great distensibility |
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varicose veins
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malfunctioning valves or weakness in the wall
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venous portal system versus arterial portal system
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venous portal system has a capillary bed interposed between 2 veins
arterial portal system has capillary bed interposed between 2 arteries AKA glomerulus |
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lymphatic capillaries
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originate in the tissues as blind-ended vessels (no arteriole or venous side.
Anchoring Filaments connect them and keep them open Have greater permeability - better at removing protein- or lipid-rich fluid. lymph flow is unidirectional - toward heart |
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differences in artery and vein morphology
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veins may have valves; arteries do not have valves
vein on left, artery on right artery is oval and round and NOT irregular venous walls are thinner and their lumens are often collapsed w/ irregular shapes, indistinct layers in veins |
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VALVULAR DISEASE: Rheumatic fever
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Inflammation -> gradual replacement of elastic tissue by collagen, especially observed in the mitral valve. Valves lose flexibility -> heart murmur
Can also cause pulmonary valve stenosis (a narrowing of the pulmonary orifice) |
