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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_____ are those for which additional personal services are provided in return for the payment of an annual fee plus a higher ticket price.
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Premium Priced Seats
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____ are self-contained, glass-enclosed rooms overlooking the playing field.
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Luxury Suites
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What percentage of the NFL’s revenue come from the ticket sales?
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20%
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What percentage of the NFL’s revenue come from national sources such as television contracts?
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60%
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Which of the major US professional sports leagues generates more than 50 percent of its revenues from ticket sales?
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NHL
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Which of the following is NOT one of the trends that have emerged relative to the management of premium seats as a revenue generation tool by sports organizations?
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-Better Locations
-Added Amenities -Individual Events |
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What was the first team to assist its season ticket holders in selling tickets they could not use?
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San Francisco Giants (MLB)
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What team offered a flight to its team’s Florida spring training base as an incentive to renew season tickets?
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Toronto Blue Jays (MLB)
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What was the first team pioneered the development of smaller (6-to-10 seat) luxury suites?
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San Jose Sharks (NHL)
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Currently, what percentage of premium seats remained unsold at the games of the four major US sports leagues?
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20%
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On average, MLB teams receive ___ percentage of the total revenues generated by food and beverage sales.
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55%
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At 31 percent of sports fans age 12 or older, an ESPN poll reports that this US sports league commands the largest share of the US sports licensed apparel market.
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NFL
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____ was the first team from the major US sports leagues to change its team colors in an effort to sell more merchandise.
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Chicago White Sox
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Which of the major US professional sports leagues has been the most successful in attracting media companies as owners so these buyers could use game broadcasts as content for their broadcasts?
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MLB
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Which of the major US professional sports leagues has been able to satisfy their need for new revenues primarily from selling media rights?
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NFL
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For which of the major US professional sports leagues is broadcast revenues the leagues #1 source of revenue?
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NFL
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Which of the major US professional sports leagues generates revenues from local media contracts?
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MLB
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_______ represent the right to purchase a ticket for a specific seat for either the life of the facility or a designated time.
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PSL's (Preferred Seat Licenses)
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PSLs are the most similar to a ___ tax.
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User
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_____ is an annual fee charged to secure the right to purchase a premium (club) seat.
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Seat License aka Membership Fee
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_____ are a visible investment in a sports organization designed to build a positive association between the sponsor and the sports organization in the minds of consumers.
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Sports Sponsorships
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What type of sponsorship typically generate the greatest revenues?
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Organizational Sponsorships
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_____ and ______ are the two major sponsorship challenges facing sports marketers.
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-Evolve Sponsorship Inventory
-Manage sponsorships once they are in place |
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Qwest sponsorship of the 2002 Winter Olympics is an example of a _____ sponsorship.
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Organizational
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The TGI Friday’s Front Row Grill operating in the Arizona Diamondback’s ballpark is best characterized as a ____.
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Joint Venture
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Ford sponsoring a halftime show at a playoff game is an example of an ______ sponsorship.
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Activity
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____ represent the right to purchase a ticket for a specific seat for either the life of the facility or a designated period.
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PSL's
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The term the new economics of sports refers to which of the following?
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Need to generate greater revenues due to the rising costs of new facilities and higher payroll
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Total food & beverage revenues are the greatest for organizations in which of the following sports?
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MLB
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CVS’s sponsorship of the Boston Red Sox is an example of which of the following types of sponsorship?
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Organizational
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According to Chapter 14, which of the following US sports organizations is generally recognized as being the innovative leader of the development of sponsorships as a source of revenue?
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San Diego Padres
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Sports .accounts for approximately ____ percent of the total North American spending on sponsorships.
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69%
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For sponsors, the overriding goal of sponsorships is to ____.
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Build Awareness of the Sponsoring Organization
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_____ refers to the opportunity to use a sponsorship to interact with or to obtain access to consumers
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Activation
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The _____ of sponsorships is the major reason sponsors have begun to more frequently ask why they should invest in sponsorships.
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Cost
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_____ are sponsorships that grants a sponsor certain or potential revenues as a part of the agreement.
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Proprietary Sponsorships
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Currently, no brand in sports may be more valuable than ______.
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NASCAR
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What type of sponsorship is widely associated with professional golf, tennis, and auto racing?
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Person Sponsorship
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The current economic problems inherent in the US and Europe are likely to make what type of sponsorship more valued?
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Proprietary Sponsorship
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_______ is the attempted association of an organization with the marketing activities of another organization without the approval of or payment to the affected organization
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Ambush Marketing
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The most common factors that lead to adjustments in the pricing of sponsorships are ______.
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Team success and market size
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The key to identifying how to make a sponsorship valuable, or a “hot ticket,” is ______.
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Information: knowing where the action occurs
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The fans of which of the following have been shown to be particularly loyal to sponsors?
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NASCAR
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____ is the acquisition of a license from a sports organization to use certain legal rights from the owner of those rights by an entity desiring to acquire or share those rights for use in the exploitation of a civic, philanthropic, or commercial endeavor.
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Sponsorship
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Which of the following sports marketers is credited with emphasizing “the need to build the saleable inventory?”
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Mike Veeck
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The Coca Cola 600 NASCAR race is best considered an example of which of the following?
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Event Sponsorship
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____ refers to attempts to interact with or to gain access to consumers.
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Activation
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Today sponsors typically prefer which of the following types of sponsorship for financial reasons
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Proprietary Sponsorships
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The extraordinary growth in the number of new sports organizations, and the corresponding need for financing, is largely attributed to ____.
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Pressure from communication companies to fill the exponentially increasing number of broadcast slots
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Player costs typically account for ___ percent of the revenues of major league professional sports in the US.
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60 to 65%
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Which of the major US professional sports leagues does not guarantee its player contracts?
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NFL
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Which of the following US professional sports leagues recently cancelled an entire season when players would not agree to a salary cap for players?
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NHL
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What event led to the first round of public financing of sports facilities in the US?
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Super Stadium Building Era
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The facilities of which two sports facilities were completed with all, or nearly all, private funds?
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-ATT Park (San Francisco Giants MLB)
-Nationwide Arena (Columbus Blue Jackets, NHL) |
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___ is typically considered the “most fair” tax to use in the financing of new sports facilities.
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Stadium Admissions Tax
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The debt a local or city government guarantees for a sports organization is called a ____.
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Bond
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Any taxes, fees, or other income due the city can be used to repay _____.
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The bond issues and any associated costs
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The _____ are the only US sports team to use unsecured, or junk, bonds as a source of financing.
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New York Yankees
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In the financing of sports facilities, which type of debt carries the least risk for investors?
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General Revenue Bonds
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Any Public financing of sports facilities began with the construction of the _____.
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Super Stadiums of the 1920's
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A loan carried out by a combination of two or more lending institutions for a sports organization is known as a _____.
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Sports Syndicated Loan
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Dedicating specific sports organization revenues to guarantee the repayment of a loan is a process know as ____.
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Sports Loan Securitization
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____ was the first sports facility to use securitization in its financing.
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Pepsi Center in Denver
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Which of the following teams was the first (in 1923) to sell equity shares (common stock) as a way to finance its operations?
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Green Bay Packers
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Which of the major US leagues now prohibits its teams from selling public shares in its teams?
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NFL
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Which of the following teams was purchased in a “hostile” takeover as a result of its ownership being based on publicly traded shares?
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Manchester United Soccer Club
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To date, most of the sports investment by venture capitalists has been invested in _____.
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Sports Related Internet Sites
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The NFL will loan up to $150 million from its G3 fund to teams in the league’s ___ largest markets for facility construction?
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6
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The funds generated from naming rights and luxury suites are typically used ____?
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Finance Facility Construction
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According to Chapter 16, according to the text, what state allows high school athletic programs to pursue naming rights deals to finance sports facilities?
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Ohio
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According to Chapter 16, what is the maximum amount that an NFL franchise can “borrow” for the leagues G-3 fund?
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150 million
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According to Chapter 16, it is estimated that what percent of luxury seating remain unsold at sports facilities?
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20%
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According to Chapter 16, which of the major professional sports leagues in the US allows its franchises to negotiate their own local media contracts?
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MLB
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The first sports retail ventures were initiated by a minister from ____
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Columbus, Ohio
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Which of the following methods of retailing affords sports organizations the greatest control over the sales of their merchandise?
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Internet (E-Tailing)
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In 2008, the ___ became the first team to open a store in their facility devoted to merchandise for women?
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Cleveland Indians
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One of the earliest purposes of sports retailing was to ____.
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Promote the team
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The royalties paid on team merchandise tend to be in the range of _____?
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8 to 12%
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Which of the following US professional sports leagues operates its own retail stores?
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NBA
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Sports marketers have had their greatest international success in licensing in ____.
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Europe
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____ is increasingly replacing the efforts of individual vendors at sporting events?
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Technology
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Free floating carts have been especially prominent in the retailing efforts of ______.
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Baseball teams (MLB)
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The use of ____ as a form of sports retailing is borrowed from their successful use in retail malls.
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Kiosks
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____ fans are fans that cannot attend games.
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Displaced
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League websites, such as MLB.com and NBA.com, are operated by _____.
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Sports Leagues
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The websites of individual teams in the major US professional sports leagues are operated by _____.
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Individual Sports Franchises
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Database marketing efforts by sports organizations, also known as electronic direct marketing, are based on developing and maintaining _____.
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E-mail Lists
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The first off-site services offered by US professional sports teams were ____.
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Financial Services (Team branded credit cards)
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The granting of authority to operate an entire business is known as ______.
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Franchising
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The granting of authority to use a sports organization’s name and logo on specific products is known as ______.
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Licensing
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The major change in sports use of internet services has been ______.
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to incorporate digital audio and video distribution of game broadcasts
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Teams in which of the following US professional sports leagues have tended to retain the most off-site retail outlets?
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NFL
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Which US sport league is the only one to operate an official league retail store?
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NBA
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Which of the US professional sports leagues is generally agreed to still maintain the greatest number of off-site retail stores?
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NFL
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What have sports organizations primarily used to replace their own off-site stores?
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Team websites with electronic retailing
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Sports direct market operations are designed to serve what market segment?
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Displaced Fans
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If retail stores are used by a sports organization, what is their preferred location?
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High Traffic Areas: Malls, Airports
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What US sports organization has tested the use of electronic retail kiosks in their premium seat areas?
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Pittsburg Steelers (NFL)
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At what sporting events did free floating merchandise carts first become popular?
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MLB (Because attendance varies)
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The first facility built in the US strictly for soccer was constructed on the state fairgrounds in ____
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Columbus, Ohio
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____ facility is the only TOTALLY private financed sports facility built in the US in the last two decades.
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LA Dodgers Stadium (MLB)
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The first sport to gain prominence in the US due to the government’s interest in ensuring fair competition was ____.
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Horse Racing
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_____ is the only sports organization to have an exemption to the federal government’s prohibition against monopolies.
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MLB
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_____ was the first US professional sports league.
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MLB
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_____ was the first sports facility built specifically to entice an existing sports team to move from one city to another.
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Country Stadium (Milwaukee)
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Why are governments largely supportive of sports organizations in spite of their problems?
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Sports have a highly positive image in western culture
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_____ frequently serve as an information source and as a platform from which to “sell” the local area as a host for sporting events or organizations.
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Convention and Visitor Bureau (CVBs)
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What “government” was cited as having made direct payments to a sports organization?
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City of New Orleans
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What “in actuality” is the ONLY sports facility to have been 100 percent privately funded since 1962?
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Nationwide Arena (Columbus Blue Jackets, NHL)
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The San Diego Padres and St. Louis Cardinals are examples of what reason as to why governments are interested in sports?
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Urban Redevelopment
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Today sports organizations’ need to predict attendance levels is primarily related to their need to better predict needed ____.
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Staff
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When considering the strengths and weaknesses of competitors, sports organizations must remember that perception is ____?
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There are no truly unique entertainment products
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Most sports organizations rely on _____ to identify the areas where they need to improve the experiences of their customers.
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Information
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The operational needs of sports organizations are conceptualized as having two dimensions: ____ and ____.
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-Planning Needs
-Tactical Needs |
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It is risky for sports organizations to have more than ____ percent of its inventory in new products.
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20%
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Under normal circumstances, the most important tactical consideration for sports organizations involves the impact of ____.
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Waiting
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Which of the following is described as “perhaps the best source of secondary information” available to sports organizations?
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Internal Sources
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Which of the following is a factor that is currently primarily responsible for making the research and management of information more important in sports marketing?
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more revenue
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Which of the following is an example of a sports organization that transcends national boundaries?
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FIFA
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Which of the following US sport has the most direct involvement in staging international sporting events?
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MLB
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The initial success of US companies in international markets can largely be attributed to the success of ______.
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Golf and Tennis
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Which of the major US professional sports leagues initially, and thus far, has experienced the greatest success from going international?
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NBA
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Which of the following is identified as the greatest benefit of the Worldwide Web for sports organizations going international?
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Linking sports organizations and consumers
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Which of the following sports personalities is largely credited with popularizing athletes as international spokespersons for products?
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Michael Jordan
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What is usually cited as the first motivation for sports organizations to “go international?”
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Search for better players
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Since 1900, the initial growth in the internationalization of US sports can be largely attributed what two sports?
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Golf and Tennis
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The risk to the sports organization is the greatest when the _____ towards international development is taken?
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Direct Market Approach
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What has been the factor most responsible for lowering the risk of direct market internationalization in sports?
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World Wide Web (WWW)
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Which of the major US sports leagues’ teams’ options in international markets is the most affected by culture?
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NFL
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Which of the following is identified as a factor that makes sports operations must account for in efforts to go international?
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Market Structure
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Organizations producing _____ products have been banned as sports sponsors in Europe?
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Tobacco
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_____ is a type of direct marketing where an organization uses databases comprised of the names of customers or potential customers to generate personalized communications to promote a product.
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Database marketing
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To properly staff an event, a sports organization must first have good information relative to which of the following?
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Predicted Attendance Levels
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Which of the following is a factor that is currently making the research and management of information more important in sports marketing?
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More revenues
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