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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which temperature of water is the most viscous?
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Cold water
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When a solute is completely surrounded by water molecules it is called?
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"Hydrated"
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What is the term for the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius?
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Heat Capacity
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What is the temperature of the densest water?
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4 degrees Celsius
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What are the typical ranges in degree for ocean water?
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-2 degrees celcius to 40 degrees celsius
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Why does ocean water exist in liquid form below freezing point?
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Because salt is present in the water, freezing does not occur as easily.
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What is Thermocline?
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Temperature Slope
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Halocline?
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Salt slope
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pycnocline
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density
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Where is all of the "deep" water created?
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Antarctica and Atlantic ocean
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How is Salinity measured?
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PPT (parts per thousand)
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What is the typical salinity of water?
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32-38 ppt
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water molecules across semi-permeable membranes until water concentration is the same in both sides.
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Euryhaline
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organism that is able to withstand large changes in salinity (near shore)
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Stenohaline
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Organisms not able to withstand changes in salinity
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Osmoregulators
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organism that can maintain a constant internal salinity despite external changes in salinity (common fish)
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Osomoconformers
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organisms that change their internal salinity along with external environment (invertebrates)
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Where does bacteria generate from in the ocean?
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agricultural runoff, urban runoff, sewage, boat septic tanks, seabird guano, dogs
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High tide to low tide does what to bacteria?
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removes it
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What kingdom are Eukaryotes found in?
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Kingdom Protistia
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Are Eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
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Can be both
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Diatoms have what kind of skeleton? What is it known as>
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Cilica/ Frustual
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What are the three types of algae and their common names?
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Red: rhodophyta
Green: chlorophyta Brown: Phaeophyta |
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What temperature does brown Algae generally grow in?
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cold temperatures, generally rocky environments
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What are brown algae usually harvested for?
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Algin, a stabilizer and emulsifier
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Morphology of giant kelp is beneficial because?
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differen't life stages may increase overall survival in variable environment
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Epiphites:
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live on top of other algae
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Agar:
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from rhodophyta and helps gel to set
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What is the only true marine plant?
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Seagrass
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What kind of roots does seagrass have?
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Rhizomes
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How does seagrass reproduce?
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hydrophilous pollination (pollen released in thread line strands and transported by the water)
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Why is seagrass important?
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-food source (sea turtles and manetees)
-becomes detritus when it dies -draws down CO2 -important as nurseries |
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Salt marshes
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Secrete salt, becomes detritus
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Salicornia (Pickle Weed)
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Salt Sequester
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What Domain are prokaryotes found in?
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Domain archaea
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Cyanobacteria
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earliest organisms though to contribute t oxygen
-good for nitrogen fixation |
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nostoc
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string of bacteria
Domain Bacteria Blue-Green Algae Photo-autotroph |
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Special features of Nostoc
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heterocysts/ nitrogen fixation
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Dinoflagellates
Ceratium |
have 2 flagella & groove around middle
cellulose skeleton Ceratium are spokes |
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symbiotic dinoflagellates
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zooxanthellae (needed for coral reefs)
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Coccolithopores
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phototrophs
cause white cliffs of calcium carbonnate calcareous ooze |
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Foraminiferans
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phylum: protista
heterotroph calcium carbonate shells pseudopods |
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Radiolarians
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protista
cilica structure pseudopods translucent |
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lichen
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mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae
(fungi for attachment, algae to produce sugars) |
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Sponges
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phylum porifera
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ecological importance of sponges
commercial importance of sponges |
provide food source
harvested for toxin bath sponges |
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Sessile sponges
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Filter feeders
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body organization of sponge
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cellular
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choanacytes
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collar cell containing flagella and amebacytes
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spicule
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skeletal element of a sponge
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Class Demospongia
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bath sponges, boring sponges, barrel sponges
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class hexactinellida
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glass sponges (found in deep water) eat diatoms
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Class cacarea
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calcium carbonate found in shallow warm water
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ostia
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little pores where food enters sponge
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osculum
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giant pore where water exits
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spongin
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spongy structure
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How do sponges reproduce
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hermaphrodites/ broadcast spawning/asexual
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Cnidarians
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corals, hydroids, jelly fish
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body wall of cnidarians
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epidermis-surface layer
jelly filled layer- mesoglea digestion- gastrodermis |
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nematocysts
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stinging cells
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Hydrozoa
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Class of Cnidaria
Portugese man of war poylp or medusa can't swim |
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scyphozoa
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sea jellies
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cubozoa
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box jellies
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anthozoa
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corals & anemines
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Obelia
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Class hydrozoa: have both polyp and medusa form
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Characteristics of Schypoza
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Can swim, all marine, medusa, contract bell to swim
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Characteristics of Cubozoa
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nearly square bells
4 tentacles or multiples of 4 eyes but no brain nearly transparent tropical distribution stings can be fatal |
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Characteristics of Anthozoans
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coral and anemones
all marine solitary or colonial no medusa stage benthic & sessile as adults |
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Hard coral
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only in tropical shallow water
symbiotic algae contribute 90% of food that coral gets through photosynthesis |
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Coral Provides:
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protection
keep close to surface waste product of coral helps them grow |
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Zooxanthelle provides for coral:
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food source
enables calcification produce oxygen |
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Gorgonians
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found in deep water
(sea fans and sea whips) colonial branching skeleton made of protein |
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Phylum Ctenophora
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exclusively marine
decentralized nerve net 2 cells thick |
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comb jelly
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8 rows of combs
made of cilia |
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Colloblast
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Sticky cell in ctenophora
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Worms characteristics
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bilateral symmetry
cephalization |
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cephalization
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distinct head and tail
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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simplest organisms
use cilia to move have nervous system, incomplete digestive system |
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Turbellarian
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free living flat worms
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Pharynx
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feeding tube in worms
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trematoda
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adults always live in vertebrate
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cestoda
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absorbs food through skin/ head is only for latching on to intestines
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Phylum Nemertea
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Ribbon Worms
non parasitic full digestive circulatory system no segmentation |
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Proboscis
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harpoon like; shoots out of worm to sting prey
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Round worms
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phylum nematOde
feed using pseudocoelom |
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Phylum Annelida
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ring worms
have segments longitudal & circular muscles |
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Parapodia & Setae
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"legs" on segments of ring worms/ setae little hairs on parapodia
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phylum mollusca
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mollusca: soft bodied
unsegmented muscular foot use radual for feeding |
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radula
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rough "tongue" in mullusca
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Class gastropod
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snails with muscular foot
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bivalvia
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clams, mussels, oysters
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clams
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bivalvia
lack racula and head gills have cillia to move food and sort siphons bring food in and out of clam gills for respiration |
