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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
The majority of employed women and men are also... |
Parents |
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Men and women in the work force are affected differently by the presence and number of kids. They are... |
• Women tend to decrease workforce participation with each additional child • Men's participation is only slightly affected |
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The US has the longest work week and the highest % of men and women who work over ______ hrs per week which directly affects the amount of time ________ |
• 50 • One has to spend with his/her fam |
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Not all American works experience... Which results in a... |
• Being overworked • Bifurcation of working time |
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Bifurcation of working time |
Some workers work longer days and weeks and others work fewer hours than they need or want |
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Working ________ can also greatly affect family life |
Few or no hours |
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Workers are reported to feel... |
Time strains |
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Time strains |
They do not feel that they have or spend enough time in certain roles or relationship |
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These times trains tend to be experienced... |
Differently by men and women |
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Work spillover |
• work has an impact on fams. It absorbs time and energy and impacts psychological states • this negative spillover is more often reported by _________ in particular |
Employed parents and women |
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Family-to-work spillover |
• the emotional climate of home life and affect morale and performance in the workplace (both positively and negatively |
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Role conflict |
Occurs when the statuses and positions we occupy contain competing, contradictory, or simultaneous role expectations |
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Role strains |
Occurs when the demands attached to particular status are contradictory or incompatible |
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Role overload |
Occurs when all the roles we occupy require more than we can give and we are drowning in what is expected of us |
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Crossover |
Occurs when the emotional state of a worker becomes that up their spouse/partner and can be positive or negative emotions (i.e. stress vs. excitement |
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Types of cross over (direct and indirect) |
• Direct: empathy of one partner by the other • indirect: conflict caused by spill over |
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All Families, regardless of form, require _______ among the members |
Dividing the family's labor |
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Labor is divided in consideration of _________ and can greatly affect... |
• Age and gender• family functioning |
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Spouses perform complimentary roles |
• man as the breadwinner • woman as the caregiver in the home |
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As of 2014, 30.8% of all married-couple families were... |
Traditional families |
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The presence of traditional family form may not be a direct reflection of their _______ but simply the form that works for the family |
Gender ideologies |
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Gender ideologies |
Beliefs about what men and women ought to do |
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Men's traditional family work |
• Good provider equated to a good husband • Main source of identity • perform household maintenance (repairs, mowing the lawn, etc.) • Any other household labor is considered "helping" their partner • if both spouses hold the traditional gender ideologies then this division of work is... |
Nonproblematic and functional |
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Traditional gender ideologies |
Traditional beliefs about what men and women should do |
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Women's traditional family work |
• expected to perform _________, even if she is employed outside of the home • Oakley's primary aspects of the homemaker role |
All household tasks and child care |
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Oakley's primary aspects of the homemaker role |
• delegated exclusively to women • economically dependent • distinct from "real" (paid) work • most important female role |
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Women have always worked outside the home (facts) |
• early American families were co-provider families (economic Partnerships dependent on both husband and the wife) • women may not have had equal economic rights, but they were equally valued as productive family members |
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As work moves to the factory, men took up the paid labor and women stayed in the home to... |
Care for children and maintain family life |
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________ and mothers in low- and working-class families have traditionally been employed |
Single women |
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Why did women's employment increase? |
• increases in the #s of single mothers, resulting from increasing divorce rates and births to unmarried women • increases in women's educational attainment • Pro-employment messages and the equal opportunities emphasis on the women's movement • better job opportunities for women • decline in men's wages and the reduced ability to support families on one income |
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More reasons women's labor increased |
• single mothers must provide for their fams • 2 incomes are required to maintain a standardized of living• Women may find social support, recognition, and appreciation @ work they don't find at home• when asked, more women would prefer to work outside the home |
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Women no longer automatically __________ when they become mothers. However... |
•Leave work • when fam demands increase, women are more likely than men to cut back hours to meet those demands |
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Dual-earner fams |
A resume of changes in the economy which requires 2 incomes in order to maintain a decent standard of living |
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Dual-career fams |
Distinguish by both partners desiring high achievement, gender equality, and performing up to their abilities, rather than just providing 2 incomes |
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It is often difficult for both partners to achieve their goals, and one usually has to... |
Be sacrificed for the other |
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Women tend to do more housework than men regardless if |
They are employed in the labor force |
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Cohabitating couples tend to have _________ than married couples |
A more equal division of labor |
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It appears that __________, rather than living with a man,turns a woman into a homemaker |
Marriage |
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Men and housework |
• Men do more housework and child care than in the past, but their rates are still lower than that of women • They tend to do more work if their wives earn more money and have a higher education |
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Emotion work |
Tasks that generate and maintain successful relationships and families |
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Emotion work includes: |
• Confiding innermost feelings • Bringing partner out of bad mood • Praising partner • Suggesting solutions to relationship probs • discussing relationship probs • Initiate "talking things over" • Moniter partner to address disturbances |
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Women are responsible for the majority of |
• child care |
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Engagement |
Time spent in direct interaction with children |
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Accessibility |
Parent is available (in the same location) to the child but not in direct interaction |
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The father's _________ has increased but is still less than that of the mothers |
engagement and accessibility |
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Active child care |
• Mothers tend to be more active parents than fathers • Fathers tend to be more involved with sons rather than daughters, younger rather than older kids, and first-born rather than later-borns |
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Mental child care |
The process of worrying, seeking, and processing info, and managing the division of care in the household |
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Marital decision-making power |
Employed wives exert more power than non-employed wives |
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Satisfaction, Sex, and Stability |
• Women tend to be more satisfied with their marraiges and desire sex more often if their husbands do more household labor • The risk of divorce is also lower for these couples |
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Three macro-level changes that have contributed to the continuing increase in nonstandard work schedules: |
1. Changes in the economy 2. Changes in demographics 3. Changes in technology |
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Shift couples |
Couples who structure their lives and work into a turn -taking, alternating system of paid work and family work |
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Shift couple's have reported |
Lower marital satisfaction, more distress, and increased rate of divorce |
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Benefits of shift couples |
• They save money on child care • A parent is always with the children • there is Increased opportunity for higher wages |
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And "equal" marriage does not mean an "________" marriage. Fairness of ___________ is negotiated by the partners |
• "Equitable" • household chores |
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Peer marriages (aka postgender marriages)... |
• take concerns of fairness into account when they structure each aspect of their relationship |
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Peer (postgender) marriage couples may avoid... |
The trappings of traditional marriages |
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(At home fathers and breadwinning mother's) These r'ships seem to be a _______ where me a d women sinply switch traditional gender roles, but this does not seem to be the case |
Role reversal |
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Men seem to stay at home due to.... And not due to wanting to.... (As we might expect with traditional gender roles) |
• Disability, unemployment, retirement, or school • Care for the home |
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(Empacts couples experience due to switched roles) Economic impact |
These couples may earn less money, but spend less on child care |
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(Empacts couples experience due to switched roles) Social impact |
At-home fathers may become a curiosity and become visible in their domestic role, compared to invisible traditional housewives |
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(Empacts couples experience due to switched roles) Marital inpact |
Men don't take over housework to the extent that women do, but they are likely to share or do most of the domestic work * High levels of empathy, communication, and appreciation have been found |
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(Empacts couples experience due to switched roles) Parental inpact |
Father's develop much closer relationships with their kids than they would most likely have otherwise |
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(Empacts couples experience due to switched roles) Personal impact |
This often results in a shuffling of priorities and the construction of a new social identity for both men and women |
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(Discrimination in the workplace against women) Economic discrimination |
• Women earn, on avg., 82.2% of what men earn • This is largely due to the occupational differences wherein male-dominated jobs tend to pay more |
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(Discrimination in the workplace against women) Sexual Harassment |
•Unwanted sexual advances and any verbal or physical conduct as a condition of employment • Hostile environment (definition on next card) |
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Hostile environment |
Acting in sexual ways to interfere with a person's performance by creating a hostile or offensive environment |
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Finding reliable, safe,and affordable child care can become a huge frustration. This can be... |
In home, daycare centers, with relatives, or in nursery schools |
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Child care for older children is also necessary. This primarily comes in the form of... |
School and after-school programs |
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