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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Trait and factor theories of personality are based on |
factor analysis a procedure that assumes that human traits can be measured by correlational studies |
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Extraverts and Introverts are |
Extraverts are sociability and impulsiveness Introverts are positive and thoughtfulness |
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Neuroticism scale scores show |
High scores on this scale indicate anxiety, hysteria, obsessive-compulsive disorders or criminality, Lover scores predict emotional stability |
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Where did McCrae and Costa place emphasis on personality coming from? |
Biological and environmental |
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The Five Factor Theory is used to asses personality traits where? |
Throughout the world |
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The NEO-PI-R shows? |
high level of stability in personality factors as people advance from about 30 years to old age |
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Five dimensions of personality are? |
1. extraversion 2. agreeableness 3. conscientiousness 4. neuroticism 5. openness to experience |
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Allport's major contribution to trait theory was? |
-identification of nearly 18,000 trait names -5-10 personality traits central to a person's life |
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Inductive method (costa&mccrae) |
No preconceived bias concerning the number or name of traits or types. Other factor theorists use deductive method. Preconceived notion in mind before data is collected. |
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Factor Analysis is used? |
One begins observing many individuals. these observations are then quantified in some manner. |
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Correlation Coefficient |
a mathematical procedure for expressing the degree of correspondence between 2 sets of scores |
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Factors |
Units of personality derived through factor analysis |
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Factor loadings |
Correlations of scores with factors ex: scores in algebra, geometry, trigonometry and calculus contribute highly to Factor M but not to the factors. |
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Unipolar traits |
Scaled from 0 to a larger number |
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Bipolar traits |
scaled from one pole to the opposite pole. 0 is the mid point. |
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Orthogonal rotation |
advocates of Five Factor Theory favor. ratted axes are right angles to each other. Fewer meaning full traits |
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Oblique mehtod |
Advocated by Cattle assumes some positive or negative correlation and refers to an angle of less than or more than 90 degrees. Larger number of meaning full traits |
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Five-factory trait theory is a taxonomy or theory? |
Work began to identify personality traits. The work evolved into taxonomy and 5 factor model. After much more work it because a theory one that can predict and explain behaviour |
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Biography of McCrae |
Born 1949 Maryville Missour, interest in scinece and math. Intrigued with work of Cattwell. Became interested in factor analysis for identifying traits found in dictionary. went to graduate school and majored in Psychology in Boston got PhD. Hired by costa to investigate smoking and personality. |
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Biography of costa |
1964 got degree at Clark University interested in ind. differences and nature of personality. Received PHD and taught at Harvard for 2 years. -Together Costa and McCrae wrote over 200 research articles and chapters of several books |
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First these guys had 2 facors then 3. |
1. neuroticism 2. extraversion then added 3. factor openness to experience later added 2 more agreeableness, conscientiousness They believed Personality traits are bipolar, follow a bell. people score near middle. only a few score on extremes. |
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Behaviour is predicted be an understanding of three central components and three peripheral o nes. 3 central ones include: Basic tendencies, Characteristic adaptations, self concept |
1. basic tendencies - one central component of personality. cognitive abilities, artistic talent, sexual tendencies, psychological processes, acquisition of language. |
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2. characteristic adaptations
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Influenced by external influences. acquired skill, habits, attitude, relationships, fluctuate |
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3. self concept
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Actually a characteristic adaptation but so important get's its own box. Belief's attitudes, feelings one has toward self are characteristic adaptations in that they influence how one behaves in a given circumstance. Personal myths part of person's self-concept |
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Peripheral Components 1. Biological Bases 2. Objective Biography 3. External influences |
Biological bases - Biological mechanism that influence basic tendencies are genes, hormones, brain structure -environment does influence some components of personality |
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Peripheral Components 2. Objective Biography |
Emphasizes what has happened in people's lives (objective) rather than their view of perceptions of their experiences (subjective) |
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Peripheral Components 3. External Influences |
How we respond to opportunities and demands of contexts |
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Each component of personality except biological bases have core postulates (demand or claim) |
Basic tendencies have 4 postulates 1. individuality 2. origin 3. development 4. structure |
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Postulates of basic tendencies -individuality |
adults have a unique set of traits and each person has a unique combination of trait patterns |
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Postulates of basic tendencies - origin
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All personality traits are a result of internal forces ex: genetics, hormones, brain structures 50% in personality is due to heritability 50% is explained by non shared experiences. |
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Postulates of basic tendencies - Development
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Assumes that traits change and develop through childhood. Adolescence slows in adulthood nearly stops |
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Postulates of basic tendencies - structure
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Stats that traits are organized hierarchically from narrow + specific to Broad to general |
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Postulates for Characteristic Adaptions 1. states 2. suggests maladjustment 3. basic |
States - over time people adapt to their environment |
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Suggests maladjustment |
Maladjustment over responses are not always consistent with personal goals or cultural values |
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basic traits |
may change over time in response to biological maturation. |
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Related research |
Costa and McCrae have developed NEO-PI widely used personality inventory. Traits have been linked to physical health, academic success,s common outcomes such as mood. Openness is great for verbal ability but doesn't matter for mathematic ability Neurotics related to feelings of anxiety and self-consciousness, is associated with taking tests over and over again and doing better |
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related research |
neuroticism did experience more negative mood over course of 2 week reporting period -acting extraverted when one is not can increase positive mood. Neuroticism is associated with many negative moods |
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Critique of trait and factor theories |
1. Generate research - very high 2. falsifiable - moderate to high 3. organize data - high Guide actions - low reviews 5. internally consistent - quite consistent 6. parsimonious - yes |
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Concept of Humanity |
1. No Determinism or free choice 2. no optimism or pessimism 3. no teleological or causal influences Humans different from other animals can report data about themselves. we have 4. conscious and unconscious as well 5. social and biological medium 6. individual difference more important |
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ersonality psychologists are more
likely to attribute behavior to _________. |
enduring traits |
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A trait is best described as
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a relatively permanent disposition of a person
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Mathematically, the technique of reducing a number of variables to a smaller number is called
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factor analysis |
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Today most researchers who study
personality traits agree that __, and only __, and no fewer than __ dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques |
5 |
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Which of the following statements is true?
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traits are more common than states |
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Hans J. Eysenck insisted that only __
major factors can be discerned by a factor analytic approach. |
3 |
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Cattell and McCrae and Costa both
used an (a) _________ of gathering data. |
inductive method |
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Cattell’s famous personality scale is called the _______.
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16 PF scale |
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The advocates of the Five-Factor Theory
favor the _______ rotation of factor analysis. |
orthogonal
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McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor Model (FFM) can both ______ and _____ behavior.
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Predict and examine |
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Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to situational traits.
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false |
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The Five-Factor Theory (often called the
Big Five) includes neuroticism and extraversion; but it adds openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. |
true |
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Cattell classified traits into temperament, motivation, and ability.
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true |
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The largest and most frequently studied
of Cattell's normal traits are the 16 personality factors found on Cattell's (1949) Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16 PF Scale). |
true |
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Social psychologists explain behavior
by the situation, whereas: personality psychologists attribute behavior to enduring________. |
traits |
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Big Five" traits of personality and their
widespread adoption and acceptance owes much to the research and theory of Robert McCrae and_____________ |
Paul Costa
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Allports major contribution to trait
theory may have been his identification of nearly_______________ trait names in an unabridged English language dictionary. |
18,000
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Cattell and McCrae and Costa both
used an_________________of gathering data; that is, they began with no preconceived bias concerning the number or name of traits or types. |
inductive method
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Factor analysis is largely the collection
and quantifying of observations, and then demonstrating______________. |
Factor analysis is largely the collection and quantifying of observations, and then demonstrating. The Correct Answer: correlation
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people who score love on openness to experience tend to |
be conventional and down to earth, preferring the familiar & support traditional values and prefer a fixed lifestyle |
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Eysenck theory of personality the three basic factors are P, N, E |
are unrelated to each other |
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In factor analysis correlation of scores with factors are called |
factor loadings |
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The five-factor model (FFM of personality shares origins with Eysenck's model |
both rely on taxonomies to generate research |
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Trais generated through factor analysis may be either |
unipolar or bipolar |
