Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
1052 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Factors that either force people to move elsewhere or strongly attract them to do so.
|
push-pull factors
|
|
|
Force people to move elsewhere.
|
push factors
|
|
|
Attract people to a new place to live.
|
pull factors
|
|
|
Immigration, westward movement, and urbanization were all encouraged by ______.
|
push-pull factors
|
|
|
Government gave away large land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.
|
Pacific Railway Acts
|
|
|
Railroads sold portions of their land to _____.
|
settlers
|
|
|
Gave the states millions of acres of western lands, which they could sell for the creation of "land grant" colleges specializing in agriculture and the mechanical arts.
|
Morrill Land-Grant Act
|
|
|
People who bought land in hopes of selling later for a profit.
|
land speculators
|
|
|
Passed in 1862, offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay $10, live on the land 6 months out of the year and had to live on it five years.
|
Homestead Act
|
|
|
The government program that really encouraged Western settlement.
|
Homestead Act
|
|
|
Settlers were pulled west by the new fact that __________ was protected.
|
private property
|
|
|
Reconstruction and the protection of African Americans in the South by federal troops ended in _____. (year)
|
A.D. 1877
|
|
|
Fled west to escape the violence, exploitation and segregation in the South that followed the end of reconstruction.
|
African Americans
|
|
|
50,000 African Americans who fled the South for the West after the end of reconstruction.
|
Exodusters
|
|
|
What could and should be done with western Indians so that there lands could be used productively.
|
"the Indian problem"
|
|
|
Turned native Americans toward a nomadic life and made warfare between Native Americans more intense.
|
the horse
|
|
|
Restricted movements of Native Americans, restricted them to reservations, produced misunderstandings and outright fraud.
|
treaties
|
|
|
Federal lands set aside for Native Americans.
|
Reservations
|
|
|
When they no longer served the purpose of the U.S. government they were often broken.
|
treaties
|
|
|
In 1871 the Federal government declared that it would make no more treaties and recognize no ____.
|
chiefs
|
|
|
In the end they succumbed less to war than to disease and lack of food and shelter.
|
Native Americans
|
|
|
Generic term for conflicts between U.S. Federal troops and or settlers and Native Americans. Can also refer to battles between Native Americans.
|
Indian Wars
|
|
|
After being promised protection by the Colorado governor, Black Kettle led Cheyenne and Arapaho to camp near Sand Creek. Between 150 and 500 Native Americans largely women and children were slaughtered by 700 soldiers under Colonel John Chivington. (1864)
|
Sand Creek Massacre
|
|
|
Also called the Chivington massacre and the Massacre of the Cheyenne.
|
Sand Creek Massacre
|
|
|
The US abandoned the Bozeman Trail and created a large Sioux reservation in what is half of South Dakota today.
|
Fort Laramie Treaty
|
|
|
His report that there was Gold in the Black Hills resulted in miners overrunning the region that had been given to the Sioux in the Fort Laramie Treaty.
|
Colonel George Custer
|
|
|
When the US offered to buy the Black Hills Red Cloud entered into negotiations, but these two chiefs who never signed the Fort Laramie treaty left the reservation and hostilities resumed.
|
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
|
|
|
When Colonel Custer was sent to round up the Indians in 1876, he and his troops were wiped out at this battle.
|
Battle of Little Big Horn
|
|
|
In 1890 the armed US forces massacred more than 200 unarmed Sioux Indians here.
|
Wounded Knee
|
|
|
Sincere US reformers who wanted to help the Native Americans still believed they needed to be _____.
|
"civilized"
|
|
|
The process by which one society becomes a part of another, more dominant society by adopting its culture.
|
assimilation
|
|
|
These schools were created off the reservations to teach Native Americans how to be like the white man.
|
Native American Boarding Schools
|
|
|
Native American boarding schools were an attempt to _______ Native Americans.
|
assimilate
|
|
|
An 1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots.
|
Dawes Act
|
|
|
The Dawes Act was also an attempt to assimilate Native Americans into farmers but was resisted by many _____.
|
Native Americans
|
|
|
An area to which greater and greater numbers of Indian tribes were forced. Whites settled into the area also and it was eventually incorporated into the state of Oklahoma.
|
Indian Territory
|
|
|
Miners flooded into the West in search of ___.
|
gold
|
|
|
After the easy gold and precious metals were quickly removed only large corporations could afford the equipment to mine to ore and mining became the realm of ______.
|
big business
|
|
|
During an after the civil war cookbooks began to snub pork as "difficult to digest" and "unwholesome" this help create a demand for ___.
|
beef
|
|
|
Enabled animals to be slaughtered before being shipped on the railroad instead of after.
|
refrigeration
|
|
|
A town specifically built on the railroad for receiving cattle to be shipped.
|
cow town
|
|
|
Abilene, KS was the first but Cheyenne, Dodge City, Wichita and Ellsworth were also ____.
|
cow towns
|
|
|
19th-century route for cattle drives between Texas and Kansas cow towns.
|
Chisholm Trail
|
|
|
When cowboys crossed the Red River on the Long Drive they entered Indian territory and had to be on the watch for Indian ____.
|
raids
|
|
|
A new breed of wealthy ranchers that created huge cattle operations.
|
Cattle Barons
|
|
|
In 1885, about three dozen reigned over more than 20 million acres of rangeland.
|
Cattle Barons
|
|
|
Ended in the mid-1880s, when a combination of over-expansion, price declines, cold winters, dry summers, and cattle fever drove thousands to bankruptcy.
|
Cattle bonanza
|
|
|
Those who farmed claims under the Homestead act.
|
homesteaders
|
|
|
Even though large scale farms did absorb smaller farms in some places. Still the Great Plains remained primarily a region of _____.
|
small family farms
|
|
|
As the result of expanded railroads and barbed wire they triumphed over the ranchers and shaped the economy of the West.
|
farmers
|
|
|
In 1890, the head of the Census Bureau announced the official end of the _____.
|
frontier
|
|
|
Idea that frontier life, had created Americans who were socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent on individual self-improvement, and committed to democracy.
|
Turner Thesis
|
|
|
Historian who came up with the Frontier Thesis.
|
Frederick Jackson Turner
|
|
|
During the panics of 1873 and 1893 they suffered the double disasters of falling crop prices and loans called in by banks.
|
farmers
|
|
|
For most of the history of the US the government would rarely intervene to stabilize the economy, but toward the end of the 19th century farmers were increasingly beginning to ask the government for ____.
|
help
|
|
|
Farmers opposed them because they hurt them in two ways, they raised the prices they had to pay for manufactured goods and reduced the world market for farm products.
|
tariffs
|
|
|
Tariffs hurt the world market for farm products because other countries retaliated with tariffs against American _____.
|
farm products
|
|
|
A tax on imports the US used them against manufactured products.
|
tariffs
|
|
|
If the government increases the money supply the value of every dollar ____.
|
drops
|
|
|
When the value of money goes down and the prices of goods goes up it is called _____.
|
inflation
|
|
|
Borrowers benefit from ______.
|
inflation
|
|
|
Lenders benefit from _______.
|
deflation
|
|
|
The federal government's plan for the makeup and quantity of the nation's money supply.
|
Monetary policy
|
|
|
Currency of the US prior to 1873, which consisted of gold or silver as well as US treasury notes that could be traded in for Gold or Silver.
|
Bimetallic Standard
|
|
|
In 1873, in order to prevent inflation, Congress put the nation's currency on a ________.
|
gold standard
|
|
|
The gold standard reduced the amount of money in circulation because the money supply was limited by the amount of gold held by the ___.
|
government
|
|
|
Conservatives who supported the gold standard many of them were lenders.
|
"gold bugs"
|
|
|
Claimed ending silver as a monetary standard would depress farm prices and called for free silver.
|
"silverites"
|
|
|
The unlimited coining of sliver dollars to increase the money supply.
|
free silver
|
|
|
Legislative attempts to increase the coinage of silver at the end of the 19th century had ____.
|
limited success
|
|
|
Formed in 1866 by Oliver H. Kelley to help farmers form cooperatives and pressure state legislators to regulate railroads and elevators from over charging farmers.
|
The Grange
|
|
|
Regulated the prices that railroads charged to move freight between states, requiring rates to be set in proportion to distance traveled.
|
Interstate Commerce Act
|
|
|
A new national party founded in 1891 by the Farmers' Alliances that demanded radical economic change in Federal economic and social policies.
|
People's Party (Populists)
|
|
|
Its general purpose was to advance the interests of farmers.
|
Populist movement or party or People's party
|
|
|
Increased circulation of money, unlimited minting of silver, a progressive income tax, & government ownerships of communications and transportations systems were all parts of the ___.
|
Populist Platform (1892)
|
|
|
The percentage of tax you pay on your income goes up with your income.
|
progressive income tax
|
|
|
The 1896 Presidential election was focused mainly on __________.
|
currency issues
|
|
|
Republican who ran in the 1896 presidential election on a gold standard platform.
|
William McKinley
|
|
|
Running on a platform of free silver was nominated by both the Democratic and the Populist Parties.
|
William Jennings Bryan
|
|
|
William Jennings Bryan's speech against the Gold standard.
|
"Cross of Gold speech"
|
|
|
Carried the South and the West in the presidential election of 1896.
|
William Jennings Bryan
|
|
|
Bryan failed to carry any of the Midwestern and northern urban and industrial states because workers believed free silver might cause inflation which would reduce the value of their ___.
|
wages
|
|
|
In 1900, after new discoveries of gold increased the world's gold supply congress returned the nation to the _________.
|
gold standard
|
|
|
After 1900 when crop prices began a slow rise the silver movement died as did _______.
|
populism
|
|
|
The primary influence of the populist party was that in the decades to come the Progressives would apply their ideas to _____.
|
urban and industrial problems
|
|
|
A term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era.
|
Gilded Age
|
|
|
Term suggests that a glittering layer of prosperity covered the poverty and corruption of much of society.
|
Gilded Age
|
|
|
During the Gilded Age the wealth held by industrialists helped to hide the problems faced by _____________. (3 groups)
|
immigrants, laborers, and farmers
|
|
|
During the Gilded Age there was a widespread abuse of power in both __________.
|
business & government
|
|
|
Term for pure capitalism or the view that government should play almost no role in the economy.
|
laissez-faire
|
|
|
The laissez-faire position holds that if government does not interfere, the strongest businesses will succeed and bring wealth to the ________.
|
nation as a whole (or the whole nation)
|
|
|
The primary developer of laissez-faire thought in his book The Wealth of Nations. (1776)
|
Adam Smith
|
|
|
Adam Smith believed that trade should be controlled by a ___________.
|
free market
|
|
|
In the late 1800s even though most Americans accepted laissez-faire in theory, in practice many supported government involvement in the economy when it _______.
|
benefited them
|
|
|
Was supported by many American businesses to encourage people to buy American goods.
|
high tariffs
|
|
|
A payment made by the government to encourage the development of certain key industries, such as railroads.
|
subsidy
|
|
|
During the Gilded Age these were often used by business giants to get politicians to vote a certain way.
|
bribes (or gifts of money)
|
|
|
A railroad construction company that was created to build the Union Pacific Railroad.
|
Credit Mobilier
|
|
|
In the 1870s, its tactics were found to be fraudulent--its stockholders were taking congressional funds meant for railroad construction for their own personal use.
|
Credit Mobilier
|
|
|
Its managers gave cheap shares of its valuable stock to congressmen who agreed to support its funding.
|
Credit Mobilier
|
|
|
The Credit Mobilier and many other scandals marked his eight years as President.
|
Ulysses S. Grant
|
|
|
Provided for the removal and replacement of all high ranking officials within the executive office who were members of a new president's opposition. These offices would then be filled by loyal members of the winning party.
|
Spoils system
|
|
|
As a result of this system people often got appointed to positions for which they were unqualified.
|
Spoils system
|
|
|
This system led to corruption when dishonest appointees used their jobs for personal profit.
|
Spoils system
|
|
|
Party that appealed to industrialists, bankers, and eastern farmers.
|
Republican Party
|
|
|
Party that was strongest in the North and upper Midwest and weak to nonexistent in the South (with the exception of African Americans who had no political power).
|
Republican Party
|
|
|
Party that favored a tight money supply backed by gold, high tariffs, generous pensions for Union soldiers, government aid to the railroads, strict limits on immigration, and enforcement of blue laws.
|
Republican Party
|
|
|
Regulations that prohibited certain private activities that some people considered immoral.
|
blue laws
|
|
|
Party that tended to attract those in society who were less privileged, including northern urban immigrants, laborers southern planters, and western farmers.
|
Democratic Party
|
|
|
Party that claimed to represent the interests of ordinary people, an increased money supply backed by silver, lower tariffs on imported goods, higher farm prices, less government aid to big business, and fewer blue laws.
|
Democratic Party
|
|
|
To avoid offending party members candidates tended to avoid taking well defined stands on _____.
|
controversial issues
|
|
|
Since most states tended to be strongly tied to one party or another candidates tended to come from _________.
|
swing states
|
|
|
States that might vote either Republican or Democrat.
|
swing states
|
|
|
Recalling the bloodshed of the civil war and blaming it on the democratic party.
|
"waving the bloody shirt"
|
|
|
The abuses of Radical Reconstruction gave the democrats their own _______.
|
"bloody shirt"
|
|
|
President who surprised many of his supporters by refusing to use the spoils system.
|
Rutherford B. Hayes
|
|
|
President who began to reform the civil service system where he based appointments on merit rather than spoils or patronage.
|
Rutherford B. Hayes
|
|
|
The government's nonelected workers.
|
civil service
|
|
|
Party that was split into three factions as the 1880 presidential election approached.
|
Republican Party
|
|
|
Followers of Senator Roscoe Conkling who defended the spoils system.
|
Stalwarts
|
|
|
Followers of James G. Blaine, who hoped to reform the spoils system while remaining loyal to the party.
|
Half-Breeds
|
|
|
Opposed the spoils system altogether.
|
Independents
|
|
|
Ally of the Half-Breeds who won the Republican presidential nomination in 1880.
|
James A. Garfield
|
|
|
A stalwart who was added as the Vice Presidential candidate to balance the Republican ticket of 1880.
|
Chester A. Arthur
|
|
|
Was assassinated by a man who had expected to receive a civil service appointment.
|
James A. Garfield
|
|
|
The assassination of James Garfield caused a public outcry against the _____.
|
Spoils system
|
|
|
As a result of Garfield's assassination Chester Arthur was able to obtain congressional support for civil service reform which resulted in the passage of the _______.
|
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
|
|
|
Created a Civil Service Commission, which classified government jobs and tested applicants fitness for them.
|
Pendleton Civil Service Act
|
|
|
Stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds and could not be fired for political reasons.
|
Pendleton Civil Service Act
|
|
|
Became the first Democratic president since 1856.
|
Grover Cleveland
|
|
|
Republican independents who supported Cleveland because they believed Blaine was too corrupt.
|
"mugwumps"
|
|
|
Struck the US economy in 1893 and lasted until about 1900.
|
a depression
|
|
|
Defeated Grover Cleveland in the 1888 election because he wanted an increase in tariffs where Cleveland favored a minor reduction.
|
Benjamin Harrison
|
|
|
Became the only US president to serve two nonconsecutive terms.
|
Grover Cleveland
|
|
|
A group of protestors who marched on Washington in 1894 demanding that Washington create jobs for the unemployed.
|
Coxey's army
|
|
|
Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act & sent Federal troops to Chicago during the Pullman Strike.
|
Grover Cleveland
|
|
|
Emerged as a political power during economic hard times of the early 1890s.
|
Populists
|
|
|
Defeated William Jennings Bryan in both 1896 & in 1900, oversaw a new tariff bill and a stronger gold standard.
|
William McKinley
|
|
|
As the economy began to climb out of the 1890s depression, Republicans claimed credit with the slogan _____.
|
"A Full Dinner Pail"
|
|
|
William McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by a self proclaimed ______.
|
anarchist
|
|
|
In the late 1800s around the world they were fleeing crop failures, shortages of land and jobs, rising taxes, famine, religious and political persecution.
|
Immigrants
|
|
|
Moving from one country to another.
|
Immigration
|
|
|
Number of additional people who entered the US between 1865 and 1920.
|
close to 30 million
|
|
|
There were many push factors which brought immigrants to America but most were pulled by the hope of freedom and ________.
|
economic opportunity
|
|
|
The violent massacre of Jews which swept across Russia in the 1880s.
|
Pogroms
|
|
|
Offered Russian Jews freedom of religion and the opportunity to build a new life.
|
America or the US
|
|
|
Most immigrants traveled to America in _________. (place on the boat)
|
steerage
|
|
|
A large open area beneath the ship's deck.
|
steerage
|
|
|
Young single men who worked for a number of months or years in the US and then returned home.
|
"birds of passage"
|
|
|
About 10 million immigrants came to the US between 1865 and 1890. Most came from ___.
|
northwestern and central European countries
|
|
|
In the 1890s, the pattern of immigration shifted dramatically. Most new immigrants came from countries of _________.
|
central, southern, and eastern Europe and the Middle East
|
|
|
Until the 1880s, decisions about whom to allow into the country were left to the ______.
|
states
|
|
|
In 1882, the federal government began excluding certain categories of _____.
|
immigrants
|
|
|
In 1891, it was formed to determine who was fit to settle in the US and who was not.
|
Office of the Superintendent of Immigration
|
|
|
More than 70% of all immigrants came through _____.
|
New York City
|
|
|
In 1892, the federal government opened a huge reception center for steerage passengers on ________,
|
Ellis Island
|
|
|
Ellis Island is located in _________.
|
New York harbor
|
|
|
In 1892, the federal government required all new immigrants to undergo a physical examination. Those found to have a contagious disease faced _________.
|
quarantine or deportation
|
|
|
A time of isolation to prevent the spread of disease.
|
quarantine
|
|
|
Immigrants often sought to live in communities established by previous settlers from their _________.
|
homelands
|
|
|
Few immigrants moved to this section of the country because it offered them few jobs.
|
The South
|
|
|
Areas in which one ethnic or racial group dominates.
|
ghettos
|
|
|
Offered immigrants the comfort of familiar language and traditions.
|
ghettos
|
|
|
Some (e.g. Chinatown) were formed when ethnic groups wanted to protect themselves from whites.
|
ghettos
|
|
|
Agreements among homeowners not to sell real estate to certain groups of people.
|
restrictive covenants
|
|
|
In the mid-1800s American railroad companies recruited about a quarter of a million ______.
|
Chinese workers
|
|
|
Labor unions fought hard to exclude them as immigrants because they would work for lower wages and bring wage rates down.
|
the Chinese
|
|
|
Passed in 1882 it prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country.
|
Chinese Exclusion Act
|
|
|
The Chinese Exclusion Act was not repealed until _____.
|
A.D. 1943
|
|
|
In 1910 the Federal government built an immigration center here, is San Francisco Bay similar to Ellis Island.
|
Angel Island
|
|
|
Even though they did not compete with union laborers for jobs, labor unions and political leaders who supported them fought to stop their immigration.
|
Japanese
|
|
|
In 1906, the school board in San Francisco ruled that all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children should attend a ______.
|
separate school
|
|
|
An unofficial agreement reached by President Teddy Roosevelt with Japanese officials in 1907. This agreement called on San Francisco to end it school exclusion of Japanese and for Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers.
|
Gentlemen's Agreement
|
|
|
Passed by California in 1913, it banned alien Asians from owning farmland.
|
Webb Alien Land Law
|
|
|
Noncitizen living in the US.
|
alien
|
|
|
Promoted the irrigation of southwestern lands and turned millions of acres of desert into fertile farmland.
|
Newlands National Reclamation Act
|
|
|
Demand for laborers from Mexico to grow and harvest food, mine the copper, coal, and other vital minerals needed for war materials was drastically increased by ____.
|
US entry into World War I
|
|
|
New opportunities were a "pull" factor that drew Mexican workers to America. Turmoil in Mexico was a ______.
|
"push" factor
|
|
|
The Mexican Revolution in 1910 and the civil war that followed resulted in large numbers of ______.
|
Mexican immigrants (to US)
|
|
|
When the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 limited immigration from Europe and Asia, labor shortages again drew ________.
|
Mexicans across the border
|
|
|
US cities grew at the end of the 19th century both as a result of ________.
|
immigration and urbanization
|
|
|
Between 1880 and 1920, 11 million Americans left behind the hardships of their farms and moved to the ____.
|
cities
|
|
|
A population shift from rural areas to the cities.
|
urbanization
|
|
|
Increased acts of violence and segregation after the end of reconstruction (1877) resulted in many blacks fleeing the ________.
|
South and moving to the cities.
|
|
|
In the 1910s, when the boll weevil destroyed the cotton crops and floods ruined Alabama and Mississippi farmlands, several hundred thousand African Americans fled the South mostly to _______.
|
northern cities
|
|
|
Subways, skyscrapers, smog, and slums were new features of modern city life that developed between ______.
|
1865 to 1900
|
|
|
In the later 1800s and early 1900s motorized methods of transportation made commuting much easier and increased __________.
|
suburban growth
|
|
|
As urban space became scarce, buildings were ________.
|
taller & taller
|
|
|
Low-cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as the owner could pack in.
|
tenements
|
|
|
A group of dirty, run-down tenements could transform an area into a ______.
|
slum
|
|
|
Because tenement buildings were packed so close together in the slum areas of cities both __________.
|
fires and diseases would spread quickly.
|
|
|
A change in New York law in 1879 that required a window in every room resulted in the building of the _________.
|
dumbbell tenement
|
|
|
Though legislators did make laws which demanded improvements diseases were also spread in the tenements by contaminated ______.
|
drinking water
|
|
|
Many of the horrors of tenement life were exposed, in 1890, when reporter Jacob Riis published _________.
|
How the Other Half Lives
|
|
|
As a result of his work New York State passed the first meaningful laws to improve tenements.
|
Jacob Riis
|
|
|
When the middle and the upper class began moving to the suburbs the gap between the well-to-do and the poor ________.
|
widened
|
|
|
Urban growth put pressure on city officials to improve police and fire protection, transportation systems, sewage disposal, electrical water service, and health care. To deliver these services cities were forced to ________.
|
raise taxes
|
|
|
Increased revenue and responsibilities gave city governments ______.
|
more power
|
|
|
Was born out of the clashing of interests in the cities particularly between those of the middle and upper classes and those of the new immigrants, migrants from the countryside, and workers.
|
political machine
|
|
|
An unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party or group in power.
|
political machine
|
|
|
Political machines were usually headed by a single powerful ______.
|
"boss"
|
|
|
Machines basically worked through the exchange of favors for _____.
|
votes
|
|
|
The use of one's job to gain profit, a major source of income for political machines.
|
Graft
|
|
|
Tended to support political machines because the machines helped poor people at a time when neither government nor private industry would.
|
Immigrants
|
|
|
Most notorious political boss who controlled Tammany Hall.
|
"Boss" Tweed
|
|
|
Political club that ran New York City's Democratic Party.
|
Tammany Hall
|
|
|
The Tweed ring amassed millions of dollars through ______.
|
fraud and Graft
|
|
|
German immigrant cartoonist who helped bring down Tweed by exposing his methods.
|
Thomas Nast
|
|
|
The New York Charity Organization Society (COS) tried to make charity a ______.
|
scientific enterprise
|
|
|
A movement that sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society.
|
the Social Gospel
|
|
|
The real beginning of the "What would Jesus do?" (WWJD) movement.
|
the Social Gospel
|
|
|
Young reformers settled in a house in the midst of a poor neighborhood and formed a community center and offered social services.
|
settlement houses
|
|
|
Founded the most famous settlement house, the Hull House in Chicago.
|
Jane Addams & Ellen Gates Starr
|
|
|
A scientific counterpart to the settlement houses' practical experience. It studied cultures around the world to learn what institutions and practices define a society.
|
Sociology
|
|
|
Many Americans blamed them for the problems in the cities.
|
new immigrants
|
|
|
The policy or attitude of favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.
|
nativism
|
|
|
Nativism began to reappear in the 1880s partially because of the rise of immigrants to positions of power in the _____.
|
cities
|
|
|
Nativist group founded in 1887, targeted immigrants as well as the Catholic church. Called for the teaching of only American culture and the English language in schools and demanded tighter rules on citizenship and employment of aliens. Members took an oath to hire and vote for only Protestants.
|
American Protective Association
|
|
|
In 1885, Congress repealed the Contract Labor Act which had allowed employers to recruit ___.
|
foreign laborers
|
|
|
When employers brought in foreigners to replace striking workers it increased nativist feelings among ______.
|
workers or laborers
|
|
|
Were more likely victims of nativism than other European immigrants.
|
southern and eastern Europeans.
|
|
|
Southern and Eastern Europeans were more often the victims of nativist attitudes because they were more often ________.
|
Catholic or Jewish
|
|
|
An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.
|
temperance movement
|
|
|
The temperance movement supported a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages or ______.
|
prohibition
|
|
|
Temperance groups also opposed drinking because they saw a links between ______.
|
saloons, immigrants, and political bosses
|
|
|
Drugs, gambling, and prostitution.
|
vice
|
|
|
Large cities made vice more ________.
|
profitable
|
|
|
Efforts to suppress vice in cities.
|
"purity crusades"
|
|
|
Prohibited sending obscene materials through US mail.
|
Comstock Law
|
|
|
These methods were considered obscene under the Comstock Law.
|
birth control
|
|
|
By campaigning on an anti-vice platform a coalition of purity crusaders and other reformers were sometime able to throw machine candidates _______.
|
out of office
|
|
|
Perfected of the electric telegraph.
|
Samuel Morse
|
|
|
The transformation from a primarily agricultural society to an industrial society.
|
Industrial Revolution or Industrialization
|
|
|
The U.S. experienced the industrial revolution primarily between the ____.
|
Civil War and World War I
|
|
|
An explosion of inventions after the Civil War produced a _____.
|
Technological Revolution
|
|
|
Gives an inventor exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention.
|
Patent
|
|
|
500,000 were issued between 1860 & 1890, including the typewriter, telephone, & phonograph.
|
Patents
|
|
|
Developing technology required not only ingenuity but also ______.
|
financial backing or capital
|
|
|
First to drill for oil in 1859.
|
Edwin L. Drake
|
|
|
At first oil refineries transformed crude oil into ____.
|
kerosene
|
|
|
Until the invention of the automobile it was seen as a waste product and thrown away.
|
Gasoline
|
|
|
In 1876, he moved his "invention factory" to Meno Park, New Jersey.
|
Thomas Edison
|
|
|
Had over 1000 patents issued in his name.
|
Thomas Edison
|
|
|
Developed the first practical incandescent light bulb.
|
Thomas Edison
|
|
|
Developed the idea of a central power station or power plant.
|
Thomas Edison
|
|
|
He developed a system of using alternating current.
|
George Westinghouse
|
|
|
Could be generated more cheaply and travel longer distance than direct current.
|
alternating current
|
|
|
Developed a transformer which allowed electricity to be sent over long distances.
|
George Westinghouse
|
|
|
By the early 1890s investors had used Edison and Westinghouse's inventions to create two companies ________.
|
General Electric and Westinghouse Electric
|
|
|
Electricity improved productivity and transformed the nature of the ______.
|
workplace
|
|
|
The electric sewing machine led to the growth of the _____.
|
ready made clothing industry
|
|
|
Electricity made the refrigerator possible which improved the ______.
|
preservation of foods
|
|
|
After the Civil War, several telegraph companies joined together to form ____.
|
Western Union Telegraph
|
|
|
Inventor of the telephone.
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
|
|
Railroad which linked Omaha, NE to Sacramento, California.
|
Transcontinental Railroad
|
|
|
The Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroads built the _______.
|
Transcontinental Railroad
|
|
|
To avoid the confusion on arrival and departure times the railroads adopted __.
|
time zones
|
|
|
Helped stimulate industrialization by; faster transportation, lowering cost of production, creating national markets, modeling big business, and stimulating other industries.
|
railroads
|
|
|
Made it much easier and cheaper to remove the impurities from iron to produce steel.
|
Bessemer process.
|
|
|
Lighter, stronger and more flexible than iron.
|
steel
|
|
|
The Bessemer process made the mass production of steel possible which led to a new age of ____.
|
building
|
|
|
When it was completed in 1883 it was a testimony of the United states inventive genius and hard work.
|
Brooklyn Bridge
|
|
|
The growth of industry required large amounts of ___.
|
capital
|
|
|
To raise capital business leaders often combined funds and resources to create large companies or _______.
|
big business
|
|
|
Negative term for leaders of big business.
|
Robber Barons
|
|
|
Positive term for leaders of big business.
|
Captains of Industry
|
|
|
Carnegie's belief that people should be free to make as much money as they can, but after they make it they should give it away.
|
Gospel of Wealth
|
|
|
Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner were leading proponents of _______.
|
Social Darwinism
|
|
|
Belief that those who were most "fit" would succeed and become rich.
|
Social Darwinism
|
|
|
Belief that society as a whole would benefit from the success of the fit and the weeding out of the unfit.
|
Social Darwinism
|
|
|
Belief that government should do nothing to help the "unfit" in society.
|
Social Darwinism
|
|
|
Larger pools of capital, Wider geographic span, broader range of operations, revised role of ownership, and new methods of management.
|
new characteristics of big business
|
|
|
A few profitable companies dominate an industry.
|
oligopoly
|
|
|
One company controls an industry.
|
monopoly
|
|
|
Laws passed to limit monopolistic practices had ____.
|
limited success
|
|
|
A loose association of businesses that make the same product and agree to limit supply to keep prices high.
|
cartel
|
|
|
Founded the first steel plants to use the Bessemer process.
|
Andrew Carnegie
|
|
|
Gaining control of all the businesses that make up the phases of a product's development.
|
vertical consolidation
|
|
|
Carnegie Steel engaged in ______.
|
vertical consolidation
|
|
|
In 1870 he and several associates formed the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.
|
John D. Rockefeller
|
|
|
Bringing together many firms in the same business.
|
horizontal consolidation
|
|
|
Through horizontal consolidation he gained control of nearly all U.S.' oil production and distribution.
|
John D. Rockefeller
|
|
|
A group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board.
|
trust
|
|
|
Was used by Rockefeller to get around anti-monopolistic laws.
|
trust
|
|
|
In 1890 it outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce.
|
Sherman antitrust Act
|
|
|
For its first 15 years the Sherman antitrust act was _____.
|
ineffective
|
|
|
The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.
|
urbanization
|
|
|
Immigration and urbanization combined to increase the size of ____.
|
cities
|
|
|
Workers received a fixed amount for each finished piece they produced.
|
piecework
|
|
|
Most piecework was performed in a shop where employees worked long hours at low wages.
|
sweatshops
|
|
|
Each person performs a different task in production.
|
Division of Labor
|
|
|
Factory work was often monotonous and ____.
|
dangerous
|
|
|
As harsh as factory work was it often provided more hope than could be found ___.
|
elsewhere
|
|
|
Was often used by factories in the 1800s because families needed the income.
|
child labor
|
|
|
In the 1880s made up 5% of the industrial labor force, nearly 1 in 5 between the ages of 10 and 16 were employed.
|
child labor
|
|
|
Reformer who wrote Children of the Poor & How the Other Half Lives describing child labor and harsh working conditions in factories.
|
James Riis
|
|
|
The work of James Riis and others led to laws limiting the practice of ____.
|
child labor
|
|
|
Because of Social Darwinism many thought that offering relief to the poor would encourage___.
|
idleness or laziness
|
|
|
In 1890 what percentage of the nation's wealth was held by the wealthiest 9%?
|
75%
|
|
|
Economic and political system which favors public instead of private control of the means of production.
|
socialism
|
|
|
Society at large not just private individuals, should take charge of a nation's wealth.
|
socialism
|
|
|
Believes that a nations wealth should be distributed equally to everyone.
|
socialism
|
|
|
Individual who called for a more radical socialism.
|
Karl Marx
|
|
|
Written in 1848, by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels, denounced the capitalist system, both predicted and called for a workers revolt.
|
Communist Manifesto
|
|
|
A small percentage of U.S. workers were socialist, most U.S. workers wanted to work within the system by forming ______.
|
labor unions
|
|
|
First national labor organization, survived only a few years and was destroyed by the depression of 1837.
|
National Trades Union
|
|
|
Strong local unions resurfaced after the ____.
|
Civil War
|
|
|
National labor union formed in 1869, hoped to organize all working men and women, skilled and unskilled, into a single union.
|
Knights of Labor
|
|
|
Sought equal pay for equal work, an 8 hour day, and an end to child labor. They did not emphasize higher wages as their primary goal.
|
Knights of Labor
|
|
|
National labor union that sought to organize only skilled workers in a network of smaller unions, each devoted to a specific craft.
|
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
|
|
|
First leader of the American Federation of Labor.
|
Samuel Gompers
|
|
|
Focused mainly on issues of worker's wages, hours, and working conditions.
|
American Federation of Labor
|
|
|
Relied on economic pressure, such as strikes and boycotts against employers. (Union Name)
|
American Federation of Labor
|
|
|
Workers negotiate as a group with employers.
|
collective bargaining
|
|
|
A workplace in which only union members would be employed.
|
closed shop
|
|
|
In 1905, in Chicago, 43 groups opposed to the AFL founded the ______.
|
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
|
|
|
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were also called the ______.
|
Wobblies
|
|
|
Focused on unskilled workers, was a radical union that included many Socialists among its leadership.
|
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
|
|
|
Often took measures to stop unions.
|
employers
|
|
|
A contract in which a worker promised to never join a union or go on strike.
|
"yellow dog" contract
|
|
|
First major nationwide strike in the U.S.
|
Railroad strike of 1877
|
|
|
Violence from the Railroad strike of 1877 resulted in more than ______.
|
100 deaths
|
|
|
President Hayes sent in federal troops to subdue angry mobs and restore order.
|
Railroad strike of 1877
|
|
|
From the Railroad strike of 1877 on, employers relied on Federal and state troops to repress labor unrest. A new and violent era had begun in _____.
|
labor relations
|
|
|
Organize workers from all crafts in a given industry.
|
industrial unions
|
|
|
Formed the American Railway Union in 1893 to include all railroad workers skilled and unskilled. (person)
|
Eugene Debs
|
|
|
Negative term for workers called in to replace striking workers.
|
scabs
|
|
|
In 1886, workers in Chicago held a rally to protest police brutality against strikers at the ___.
|
Haymarket Square
|
|
|
Anarchists joined the strikers and gave fiery speeches at the _____.
|
Haymarket rally
|
|
|
Radicals who oppose all government (believe all government is evil).
|
Anarchists
|
|
|
A bomb was thrown into a police formation the resulting riot killed dozens on both sides in 1886.
|
Haymarket riot
|
|
|
Resulted in 8 anarchists being tried for conspiracy to commit murder and four being executed.
|
Haymarket riot
|
|
|
Were blamed by the press for the Haymarket riot and thus went into decline.
|
Knights of Labor
|
|
|
In 1892, steelworkers staged a strike against Carnegie Steel Company.
|
Homestead strike
|
|
|
When 300 Pinkertons arrived to breakup the strike a shootout resulted in several deaths.
|
Homestead strike
|
|
|
Actually built a town for workers who built his luxury sleeping car.
|
George Pullman
|
|
|
After workers came to George Pullman to protest a 25% wage cut in 1894 he _____.
|
fired 3 workers.
|
|
|
When his workers went on strike Pullman refused to bargain and ___.
|
shutdown the plant or closed the factory
|
|
|
When Eugene Debs and the United Railway Union joined the boycott against Pullman Palace Cars railroad traffic in Chicago was ___.
|
crippled
|
|
|
The Pullman Strike disrupted the delivery of __.
|
mail
|
|
|
Arguing that the mail had to get through and that the strike violated the Sherman Antitrust act, the Attorney General won a court order forbidding all union activity that halted ____.
|
railroad traffic
|
|
|
When strikers refused to obey the injunction against the Pullman strike, Debs was arrested and federal troops crushed the _____.
|
strike
|
|
|
After the Pullman strike factory owners frequently appealed for _________ against unions.
|
court orders (injunctions)
|
|
|
The official government opposition after the Pullman strike helped limit union gains for more than _____.
|
30 years
|
|
|
Giving donations to worthy causes.
|
Philanthropy
|
|
|
Many of the captains of industry not only gained great wealth they also engaged in ____.
|
Philanthropy
|
|
|
In 1890, only 160 African Americans were attending white colleges. Many more were studying at the nations ______________.
|
African American Institutions
|
|
|
A number, including Atlanta University, Fisk University, Hampton Institute, and Howard University were created during Reconstruction.
|
Black Colleges
|
|
|
African American colleges founded during reconstruction were founded through the efforts of ______________. (2 groups)
|
American Missionary Association and the Freedmen's Bureau
|
|
|
African American leader who adopted a moderate approach in addressing racism and segregation. (turn of the century)
|
Booker T. Washington
|
|
|
He urged fellow blacks to learn vocational skills. Skills that would give them economic security.
|
Booker T. Washington
|
|
|
He wanted blacks to strive for gradual improvements in their social, political, and economic status.
|
Booker T. Washington
|
|
|
Founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881.
|
Booker T. Washington
|
|
|
African American most opposed to the gradual approach of achieving equal rights. (turn of the century)
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
|
|
Opposed Booker T. Washington's approach to African American rights.
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
|
|
Advocated immediate equal treatment and equal education opportunities for blacks.
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
|
|
The type of education W.E.B. Du Bois urged African Americans to achieve in schools.
|
liberal arts
|
|
|
Du Bois believed African Americans needed a liberal arts education so that they could provide leadership in the _______.
|
fight for civil rights
|
|
|
Du Bois helped found this group of African Americans, in 1905, that called for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood.
|
Niagara Movement
|
|
|
Interracial institution founded in 1909, with the purpose to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism, and to gain civil rights for African Americans.
|
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
|
|
|
NAACP
|
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
|
|
|
Early leader in the NAACP and editor of its magazine, Crisis.
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
|
|
When federal troops left the South with the end of Reconstruction, African Americans began to see their newly won freedoms _______.
|
disappear
|
|
|
Term used by Du Bois to describe the problems of segregation, discrimination, and racism.
|
the Color Line
|
|
|
Southern whites were concerned that blacks would gain too much political power if they were allowed to ______.
|
vote
|
|
|
To keep blacks from voting some states required voters to own property or pay a ___.
|
poll tax
|
|
|
A fee which must be paid for a person to vote.
|
poll tax
|
|
|
Tests to demonstrate that you could read and write and demonstrate minimum standards of knowledge in order to vote.
|
literacy tests
|
|
|
Like poll taxes literacy tests were intended to keep _______.
|
blacks from voting
|
|
|
The problem with property requirements, poll taxes, and literacy tests is that they could also keep ______.
|
poor whites from voting
|
|
|
Were used so that property requirements, poll taxes, and literacy tests would not keep poor whites from voting.
|
grandfather clauses
|
|
|
Segregation by the sanction of law.
|
de jure segregation
|
|
|
Segregation as the result of custom, such as housing patterns.
|
de facto segregation
|
|
|
The legal (de jure) segregation of the races that existed in the South following Reconstruction.
|
Jim Crow
|
|
|
Laws that required segregation in the South after Reconstruction.
|
Jim Crow laws
|
|
|
Required the separation of blacks and whites in schools, parks, public buildings, hospitals, and on transportation systems. Even required blacks to use separate restrooms and water fountains.
|
Jim Crow laws
|
|
|
Supreme Court case that upheld Jim Crow laws.
|
Plessy v. Ferguson
|
|
|
Supreme Court case that established the "separate-but-equal" doctrine.
|
Plessy v. Ferguson
|
|
|
Doctrine that segregated facilities did not violate the 14th amendment's equal protection of the laws, as long as facilities were "equal."
|
"separate-but-equal" doctrine
|
|
|
The 14th amendment, the court stated, was "not intended to give Negroes social equality but only political and civil equality."
|
Plessy v. Ferguson
|
|
|
Because the "equal" part in the "separate-but-equal" doctrine was difficult to enforce public facilities for blacks were almost never _____.
|
equal
|
|
|
In the South another way blacks were kept "in their place" was a system of etiquette that required blacks to always show ________.
|
deference to whites
|
|
|
respectful submission or yielding to the judgment, opinion, will, etc., of another.
|
deference
|
|
|
If blacks in the South overstepped their status, as second class citizens, they might be subjected to _____.
|
violence
|
|
|
Worst type of violence directed toward blacks in the post reconstruction South.
|
lynching
|
|
|
The murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trial.
|
lynching
|
|
|
The estimated number of African Americans lynched between 1882 and 1892.
|
1,200
|
|
|
Those who carried out the lynchings in the South were rarely pursued or caught, much less ____.
|
punished
|
|
|
To escape violence and legal segregation many blacks moved to the _____.
|
North
|
|
|
African Americans who fled to the north to escape legal segregation and discrimination often found _______.
|
de facto discrimination
|
|
|
Even in the North blacks were subjected to it in schools, housing, and employment.
|
de facto discrimination
|
|
|
Blacks who moved to the north often competed with American-born whites and immigrants for _____.
|
jobs
|
|
|
In the North whites fears of racial equality and of losing their jobs resulted in _____.
|
race riots
|
|
|
The NAACP worked to fight discrimination primarily through the _____.
|
courts
|
|
|
Was founded by Booker T. Washington to help black owned businesses.
|
National Negro Business League
|
|
|
African American woman who came from a family of ex-slaves and sharecroppers and started a mail order company to become a self-made millionaire.
|
Madam C.J. Walker
|
|
|
When stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations--economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
|
imperialism
|
|
|
The late 1800s was the peak of European imperialism, with European countries dominating much of _______.
|
Africa & Asia
|
|
|
Asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries, and that the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries.
|
Monroe doctrine
|
|
|
Asserted U.S. ascendancy in the Western Hemisphere.
|
Monroe doctrine.
|
|
|
The desire for natural resources was an economic incentive for _______.
|
imperialism
|
|
|
The desire for new markets was an economic incentive for ____.
|
imperialism
|
|
|
Competition with other empires was a nationalistic incentive for _______.
|
imperialism
|
|
|
A belief in the superiority of a country's culture was a nationalistic incentive for ______.
|
imperialism
|
|
|
A military incentive for imperialism was the need for distant _______.
|
naval bases
|
|
|
A belief that western civilization had a duty to spread its blessings including, its law, medicine, and Christian religion was an incentive for ___.
|
imperialism
|
|
|
Over time the Monroe doctrine would be broadened to support __________.
|
American imperialism
|
|
|
Devotion to one's nation.
|
Nationalism
|
|
|
Nationalism, the Industrial Revolution, religious fervor, and feelings of racial and cultural superiority.
|
causes of imperialism
|
|
|
Continent that was most involved in the race for empire.
|
Europe
|
|
|
Country that acquired the most imperial possessions.
|
Great Britain
|
|
|
By 1890, the U.S. was eager to join the competition for _____.
|
new territories/empire
|
|
|
In 1867, under the direction of Secretary of State William H. Seward the U.S. purchased ____.
|
Alaska
|
|
|
"Seward's Folly"
|
Purchase of Alaska
|
|
|
In 1853, an American Fleet under Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay, forcing Japan to start _______.
|
trading with the U.S.
|
|
|
The U.S. annexed the Midway Islands to set up a ________.
|
naval refueling station
|
|
|
The U.S. needed foreign markets as a result of ___.
|
overproduction
|
|
|
That the U.S. needed new markets for its goods was an argument for ____.
|
American Imperialism
|
|
|
Central American countries were called "banana republics" because they were dominated by ___.
|
U.S. business
|
|
|
Lobbyists who favored a strong U.S. navy pushed for ______.
|
expansion
|
|
|
Captain Alfred T. Mahan, in his 1890 book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, argued that to protect its trade, the U.S. must build up its _____.
|
navy
|
|
|
Expansionist like Frederick Jackson Turner, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Theodore Roosevelt, believed that a quest for empire would restore the country's ________.
|
pioneer spirit
|
|
|
With the closing of the frontier, imperialists argued that imperialism would offer the U.S. a ____.
|
new frontier
|
|
|
The concept that some cultures had the right to dominate other cultures, because of their superiority.
|
Social Darwinism
|
|
|
Social Darwinism was used as a justification for U.S. _______.
|
expansionism or imperialism
|
|
|
During the Age of Imperialism (19th and early 20th century) many intellectuals believed that certain racial and national groups were ____.
|
superior to others
|
|
|
Belief that white men had a duty to introduce other people to the benefits of Western society.
|
White Man's burden
|
|
|
In the process of expanding and becoming a world power, the U.S. increasingly found itself in _____.
|
conflict with other nations
|
|
|
When the U.S. insisted that Great Britain submit a boundary dispute with Venezuela to arbitration, it was an example of following the ____.
|
Monroe Doctrine
|
|
|
Rebelled against Spain in 1895 after its economy collapsed.
|
Cuba
|
|
|
Cubans rebelling against Spanish rule eventually led to the ______.
|
Spanish-American War
|
|
|
A policy instituted by Spanish General Valeriano Weyler where he forced hundreds of thousands of Cubans into guarded camps.
|
"reconcentration"
|
|
|
Over two years, disease and starvation (due to reconcentration and fighting the Spanish) killed an estimated _____________.
|
200,000 Cubans
|
|
|
Exiled Cuban journalist who urged the U.S. to intervene in Cuba.
|
Jose Marti
|
|
|
Cuban guerrillas were able to get U.S. business owners to put pressure on the U.S. government to act by destroying American owned _____.
|
sugar plantations and mills in Cuba
|
|
|
Competition for readers between the New York World and the New York Morning Journal resulted in _______.
|
Yellow Journalism
|
|
|
Transformed newspapers with sensational and scandalous news coverage.
|
Yellow Journalism
|
|
|
Used their newspapers to increase public sympathy for Cuban rebels.
|
William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
|
|
|
Part of the reason the U.S. supported the Cuban rebels against Spain was sensational accounts in newspapers, called _______.
|
yellow journalism
|
|
|
The intense burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive foreign policy that resulted from yellow journalism, was called _____.
|
jingoism
|
|
|
President McKinley moved IT into Havana's harbor to protect U.S. citizens and property.
|
U.S.S. Maine
|
|
|
A published letter, stolen from the Spanish Ambassador, to Washington that was critical of President McKinley.
|
The de Lome Letter
|
|
|
Exploded and sank in the Havana harbor killing 250 American sailors.
|
U.S.S. Maine
|
|
|
As well as Cuba there was another rebellion against Spanish power on the other side of the world in _____.
|
The Philippines
|
|
|
While he was only the assistant secretary of the Navy he cabled naval commanders in the Pacific to prepare for military action against Spain.
|
Theodore Roosevelt
|
|
|
Included, compensation for the Maine, an end to reconcentration camps, a truce with Cuba, and Cuban independence.
|
McKinley's demands on Spain
|
|
|
Spain agreed to all of McKinley's demands except ______.
|
Cuban Independence
|
|
|
When Spain refused to meet all his demands McKinley sent a war message to Congress. Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized ______.
|
force against Spain
|
|
|
To free Cuba from Spanish rule was a main goal of the U.S. in the _____.
|
Spanish-American War
|
|
|
The first action of the war was his surprise attack on Spanish ships, anchored in Manila Bay in the Philippines, destroying Spain's entire Pacific fleet in just seven hours.
|
Admiral George Dewey
|
|
|
Was bottled up by U.S. warships in the harbor at Santiago.
|
Span's Atlantic Fleet
|
|
|
The First Volunteer Cavalry organized and recruited by Theodore Roosevelt.
|
Rough Riders
|
|
|
Resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to organize and lead the Rough Riders.
|
Theodore Roosevelt
|
|
|
A diverse group of volunteers that included cowboys, miners, policemen, college athletes, and even some outlaws.
|
Rough Riders
|
|
|
When Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in a charge up this hill it became the most famous incident of the war.
|
San Juan
|
|
|
The Spanish American War came to an end when the Spanish fleet made a desperate attempt to escape Santiago harbor and the U.S. Navy _____.
|
sank every Spanish ship
|
|
|
Future Secretary of State John Hay captured the public mood when he wrote his friend Teddy Roosevelt that it had been a _____.
|
"splendid little war"
|
|
|
Treaty with Spain after the Spanish-American War.
|
Treaty of Paris
|
|
|
The U.S. gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in the ________.
|
Treaty of Paris
|
|
|
As a result of the Spanish-American War the Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam were made _______.
|
unincorporated U.S. territories
|
|
|
Acquired territories not intended for statehood.
|
unincorporated U.S. territories
|
|
|
Opposed the Treaty of Paris because of the territories that would be acquired.
|
anti-imperialists
|
|
|
With the territories acquired from the Spanish-American War the U.S. became an ______.
|
imperial power
|
|
|
They believed that imperialism rejected the American ideal of liberty.
|
Anti-imperialists
|
|
|
In addition to arguing that the Filipinos needed to be civilized and Christianized, McKinley argued that if the U.S. didn't take over the Philippines, other European powers might ___.
|
seize the islands
|
|
|
The Filipino rebels who fought alongside the U.S. troops against Spain, expected victory would bring their ________.
|
independence
|
|
|
When the U.S. ignored a Filipino declaration of independence, after the Spanish-American war, tensions between U.S. soldiers and Filipino rebels erupted into _____.
|
war
|
|
|
War between U.S. forces and Filipino rebels lasted three years and killed as many as _________.
|
200,000 Filipino civilians
|
|
|
The Philippines did not gain complete independence until _______.
|
1946
|
|
|
Document attached to the war resolution against Spain, promised that the U.S. would not annex Cuba.
|
Teller Amendment
|
|
|
In order to protect U.S. business interests in Cuba, after the war, McKinley installed a military government that ruled _____.
|
three years
|
|
|
In 1900 the U.S. military government authorized Cubans to draft their own constitution, but only agreed to remove their troops if the Cubans would accept the ___.
|
Platt Amendment
|
|
|
Stipulated that the Cuban government could not enter any foreign agreements, must allow the United States to establish naval bases in Cuba, and must give the U.S. right to intervene when necessary.
|
Platt Amendment
|
|
|
With the support of U.S. Marines, this pineapple planter removed Queen Liliuokalani from power in Hawaii. He also proclaimed Hawaii a republic and requested that it be annexed by the U.S.
|
Sanford B. Dole
|
|
|
Congress was swayed to annex Hawaii because of arguments that the U.S. needed it for naval stations to protect its _____.
|
world trade
|
|
|
In the late 1800s Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan were all seeking these in China.
|
spheres of influence
|
|
|
Areas in China where a foreign country had economic and political control.
|
spheres of influence
|
|
|
Policy developed by Secretary of State John Hay, that aimed to combat the European spheres of influence that threatened to squeeze American business interests out of Chinese markets.
|
Open Door Policy
|
|
|
Consisted of pressuring European powers to open key ports, within their spheres of influence, in China to U.S. businessmen.
|
Open Door Policy
|
|
|
The Open Door Policy was important to the U.S. because it gave the U.S. access to millions of _______.
|
consumers in China
|
|
|
A violent uprising in China, in 1900, directed against foreigners. It led to the massacre of 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese.
|
Boxer Rebellion
|
|
|
Secretary of State John Hay figured the imperialist powers might use the Boxer rebellion as an excuse to seize more Chinese territory, so he sent a second series of ____.
|
Open Door notes.
|
|
|
Authorized the purchase of the French assets in Panama (to build a canal) and required that the U.S. work out a treaty with Colombia for a lease of the land.
|
Spooner Act (1902)
|
|
|
Secretly made it clear that if the French company organized a Panamanian revolution against Colombia, the U.S. would not interfere.
|
President Theodore Roosevelt
|
|
|
The U.S. was able to acquire the Canal Zone by encouraging a _________.
|
revolt in Panama
|
|
|
To gain the Canal zone the U.S. encouraged Panama to rebel against ______.
|
Columbia
|
|
|
In exchange for recognizing Panamanian independence and for becoming its protector, Panama granted the U.S. a permanent grant of a 10-mile-wide strip of land, for a Canal Zone over which the U.S. would have complete ____.
|
sovereignty
|
|
|
Roosevelt's opponent's opposed his actions in Panama because he encouraged the _____.
|
Panamanian revolt
|
|
|
The U.S. actions to gain the Panama Canal zone created ill will toward the U.S. among ___.
|
Latin Americans
|
|
|
Asserted that although the U.S. had no expansionist intentions, any "brutal wrongdoing" by a Latin American nation, would justify U.S. intervention as a global police power.
|
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
|
|
|
Policy that established the U.S. as "an international police power."
|
Roosevelt Corollary
|
|
|
The central message of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe doctrine, was that the U.S. would use force to prevent intervention in the affairs of ________.
|
neighboring countries
|
|
|
Roosevelt feared the war between Japan and Russia would close the door to U.S. trade with ___.
|
China
|
|
|
In 1905 he mediated a peace agreement to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel peace prize.
|
President Theodore Roosevelt
|
|
|
Many of President Theodore Roosevelt's policies resulted in the expansion of ______.
|
presidential power
|
|
|
President Taft wanted to maintain an open door to Asia and preserve stability in Latin America. For the rest he preferred to "substituting dollars for ______."
|
bullets
|
|
|
Taft's attempted to maintain orderly societies abroad through increased U.S. investment in foreign economies.
|
"Dollar Diplomacy"
|
|
|
Taft's "dollar diplomacy" was based on foreign _____.
|
economic investment
|
|
|
Taft's "dollar diplomacy" was undermined in the Caribbean and Central America by local revolutionary movements opposed to ____.
|
American influence
|
|
|
Although the U.S. reached new heights as an international power under Roosevelt and Taft, anti-colonialism abroad and anti-imperialism at home provided a growing check to _______.
|
further expansion
|
|
|
When President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize General Huerta in Mexico because he was ruling without the consent of the people it was announcing an end to Taft's ____.
|
"dollar diplomacy"
|
|
|
President Wilson's belief that the U.S. had a mission to spread democracy and capitalism to nations in the Western hemisphere to protect them from foreign threats.
|
"missionary diplomacy"
|
|
|
Using the excuse of the arrest of American Sailors, Wilson had the American Navy occupy Veracruz, over 100 Mexicans died resisting ___.
|
occupation
|
|
|
As a result of Wilson's occupation of Veracruz General Huerta resigned in favor of ____.
|
Venustiano Carranza
|
|
|
Terrorized Americans in Mexico and raided border towns in the U.S.
|
Pancho Villa
|
|
|
Led 5,000 U.S. troops in a failed attempt to capture Pancho Villa
|
General John J. Pershing
|
|
|
Failed in Mexico as many Americans and Mexicans lost their lives and U.S. financial interests in Mexico lost ground.
|
Wilson's "moral diplomacy"
|
|
|
Expansionist behavior, the anti-imperialist asserted, was a rejection of the nation's foundation of "__________."
|
liberty for all
|
|
|
Argument that people in the territories controlled by the U.S. should be entitled to the same rights as U.S. citizens.
|
"the Constitution must follow the flag"
|
|
|
Expansionist claimed that many people in newly acquired territories were not ready for ___.
|
democracy
|
|
|
Some argued that U.S. expansion was wrong because it was racist.
|
Anti-imperialists
|
|
|
Some racist in the South were anti-imperialist because they believed expansion would result in different races ______.
|
in the U.S.
|
|
|
Some anti-imperialist made the economic argument that expansion was too _____.
|
expensive
|
|
|
Raised the argument that workers coming into the U.S. from annexed territories would lower wages for U.S. workers. (person)
|
Samuel Gompers
|
|
|
Some U.S. industrialist were concerned that goods produced cheaply, in annexed countries, would not require customs duties and could hurt U.S. ____.
|
industry
|
|
|
The cruise of the Great White Fleet was intended to demonstrate that the U.S. was a _____.
|
naval power
|
|
|
People in foreign lands would turn against the U.S. when it supported _______.
|
unpopular governments
|
|
|
In other parts of the World the U.S. was both ________.
|
welcomed and rejected
|
|
|
Name given to the time period from 1890 to 1920.
|
Progressive Era
|
|
|
Many of the ideas of the Progressive movement grew out of the _______.
|
Populist movement
|
|
|
As opposed to the Populist movement the progressive movement focused mainly on the problems of ______.
|
urban residents
|
|
|
Nativism, prohibition, purity crusades, electoral reform, charity reform, social gospel philosophy, and settlement houses.
|
roots of the progressivism
|
|
|
Progressive reformers were reacting to the era's rapid __________. (3 things)
|
industrialization, immigration, and urbanization
|
|
|
Progressives maintained that private charity could not do enough to improve the lives of the _________.
|
industrial poor
|
|
|
Progressivism was not a single _______.
|
unified movement
|
|
|
Progressives believed government should be more accountable to its _______.
|
citizens
|
|
|
Progressives believed government should curb the power and influence of the _______.
|
wealthy
|
|
|
Progressives believed that to improve the lives of it citizens government should be given ___.
|
expanded powers
|
|
|
Progressives believed that in order to handle its expanded role government needed to be _______. (2 things)
|
more efficient and less corrupt
|
|
|
Most Progressives agreed that the government should protect ________.
|
workers
|
|
|
Most Progressives agreed that the government should help the ________.
|
poor
|
|
|
According to Henry George, Americans could eliminate poverty by discouraging _______.
|
land speculation
|
|
|
Henry George was opposed to the fact that land owners only had to pay a tax if they made _____.
|
improvements on the land
|
|
|
Henry George wanted to make land speculation less profitable by imposing a ___________.
|
single tax on the value of land
|
|
|
In the late 1800s, journalists Henry George and Edward Bellamy both wrote about ideas for _____.
|
reforming society
|
|
|
Author of "Looking Backward" in 1888.
|
Edward Bellamy
|
|
|
Novel in which a man undergoes hypnosis in 1887 and wakes up in the year 2000, to discover a Utopian society, where the government runs companies with the goal of meeting human needs rather than making profits.
|
"Looking Backward"
|
|
|
Journalists who worked at exposing political and business corruption.
|
muckrakers
|
|
|
Although Roosevelt and other Progressives denounced the muckrakers at first, their writings did motivate government to make many _____.
|
reforms
|
|
|
Requested by business leaders in the 1890s, they were issued by courts and they prohibited workers from striking.
|
injunctions
|
|
|
Court injunctions slowed down the growth of the ______.
|
labor movement
|
|
|
Progressives supported the laborer's right to ______.
|
strike
|
|
|
The number of socialists grew during the Progressive era and in 1901 they formed the _____.
|
Socialist Party of America
|
|
|
Most Progressives were not socialist and wanted more ________.
|
moderate reforms
|
|
|
The efforts of Florence Kelley convinced many states to abolish _______.
|
child labor
|
|
|
Jane Addams and Florence Kelley both worked to reform local ________.
|
labor conditions
|
|
|
She is best known for organizing unions in mines in West Virginia and Colorado.
|
Mother Jones
|
|
|
Some Americans resisted Progressive reforms because they did not approve of governmental control over _________.
|
their lives
|
|
|
Because Progressives sought increased government involvement in people's lives they often met resistance, even from among the very people they ________.
|
intended to help
|
|
|
The poor often opposed child labor laws because they needed the __________.
|
child's income
|
|
|
Most Progressives opposed government control of businesses, except for companies that supplied __________.
|
essential services
|
|
|
Were sought by progressives so that government could ensure a basic standard of living for all.
|
social welfare programs
|
|
|
Unemployment benefits, accident and health insurance, and a social security system for the disabled and elderly.
|
social welfare programs
|
|
|
Progressives wanted efficient programs managed by professionals not ______.
|
politicians
|
|
|
Many of the earliest Progressive reforms were made at the city, or ________.
|
municipal, level
|
|
|
Most municipal reformers worked for _____.
|
home rule
|
|
|
A limited degree of self-government for cities.
|
home rule
|
|
|
Some reformers also held negative views of immigrants who felt were responsible for many ______.
|
city problems
|
|
|
Municipal reformers aimed to end government _______.
|
corruption
|
|
|
Municipal reformers wanted a civil service system based on merit not _______.
|
spoils
|
|
|
Restricting the power of political machines was usually left to _________.
|
municipal reformers
|
|
|
New and more efficient forms of municipal government, such as the commission form and the council-manager from, were often developed in response to ______.
|
natural disasters
|
|
|
Reformers wanted to provide citizens with more affordable services by transferring control of urban utilities to the ___.
|
city
|
|
|
In the early 1900s municipal reformers favored city control of _________.
|
utilities
|
|
|
Reformers hoped to end corruption in government by giving voters a more direct say in _________.
|
lawmaking
|
|
|
Prior to the progressive movement candidates for public office were traditionally picked by ___.
|
party leaders
|
|
|
Wisconsin reform governor who instituted the use of the direct primary.
|
Robert La Follette
|
|
|
Election in which voters cast ballots to select nominees for upcoming elections.
|
direct primary
|
|
|
This process enables voters to propose new laws.
|
initiative
|
|
|
Citizens approve or reject a law passed by the legislature.
|
referendum
|
|
|
This procedure enables voters to remove public officials from office before the next election.
|
recall
|
|
|
The initiative and the referendum are examples of ________.
|
direct democracy
|
|
|
Direct democracy only exists at the local and state levels there is no direct democracy at the ________.
|
federal level
|
|
|
Attempts to regulate industry involved the legal dispute over the business owner's right to make contracts with employees and their right of private property versus the federal governments police power to protect the ____.
|
welfare of citizens
|
|
|
As a result of Progressive reforms in many states child labor was _____.
|
abolished
|
|
|
When the United Mine Workers called a strike in 1902, President Roosevelt called for _____.
|
arbitration
|
|
|
When T. Roosevelt used this phrase in the coal miners strike it became a slogan for his presidency.
|
"square deal"
|
|
|
A firm that creates a monopoly by buying up stocks and bonds of smaller companies.
|
holding company
|
|
|
Roosevelt was the first President to actively enforce it.
|
Sherman Antitrust Act
|
|
|
Authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates.
|
Hepburn Act
|
|
|
With the Hepburn Act it became the first true regulatory agency.
|
Interstate Commerce Commission
|
|
|
Upton Sinclair's novel "the Jungle" exposed dangerous workplace conditions in the ______.
|
meatpacking industry
|
|
|
As a result of muckraker writings like "the Jungle" President Roosevelt and congress responded with the _________. (2 laws)
|
Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act
|
|
|
Banned interstate shipping of impure food and deliberate mislabeling of food and drugs.
|
Pure Food and Drug Act
|
|
|
Required federal inspection of meat processing to ensure sanitary conditions.
|
Meat Inspection Act
|
|
|
The newly created Labor Department supported legislation that would benefit both _______.
|
women & children
|
|
|
Named by T. Roosevelt to head a new U.S. forest service.
|
Gifford Pinchot
|
|
|
At HIS recommendation Roosevelt set aside 200 million acres for national forests, mineral reserves, and water projects.
|
Gifford Pinchot
|
|
|
People concerned with the care and protection of the environment.
|
conservationists
|
|
|
Included the conservation of forest land, the break-up of several trusts, and the regulation of food and drugs.
|
President Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive record
|
|
|
During the Progressive Era, constitutional restraints on federal power gradually _____.
|
diminished
|
|
|
Ratified in 1913 authorized Congress to collect a federal income tax.
|
Sixteenth Amendment
|
|
|
The 16th Amendment enabled the government to get more revenues from people with ____.
|
higher incomes
|
|
|
Required the direct election of Senators, was ratified in 1913.
|
Seventeenth Amendment
|
|
|
In 1919 it banned the production, sale, or import of alcoholic beverages.
|
Eighteenth Amendment
|
|
|
Not all Progressives favored Prohibition, but many thought it would protect society from the poverty and violence associated with _____.
|
drinking
|
|
|
President Theodore Roosevelt's chosen successor.
|
President Taft
|
|
|
President Taft continued Roosevelt's progressive program by pursuing _____.
|
antitrust cases
|
|
|
Progressives in Congress, unlike Taft, favored low ________.
|
tariffs
|
|
|
Progressives first became furious with Taft over the protective _______.
|
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
|
|
|
President Taft's Secretary of the Interior, who angered conservationists by siding with business interests that sought unrestricted development of federal lands in the West.
|
Richard Ballinger
|
|
|
When Gifford Pinchot accused Richard Ballinger of corruption, before Congress, Taft _______.
|
fired Pinchot
|
|
|
The Progressive faction of the Republican Party protested HIS handling of the Ballinger-Pinchot affair.
|
President Taft
|
|
|
When the House passed a resolution allowing full membership, instead of the Speaker, to appoint the Rules Committee the Republican party was ______.
|
split
|
|
|
Theodore Roosevelt's name for his Progressive reform program. At the time of the midterm elections of 1910.
|
New Nationalism
|
|
|
Roosevelt's call for business regulation, welfare laws, workplace protection for women & children, income & inheritance taxes, and voting reform.
|
New Nationalism
|
|
|
He challenged his old friend President Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912.
|
Theodore Roosevelt
|
|
|
When Roosevelt lost the 1912 Republican nomination because Taft controlled the convention, Roosevelt's supporters broke from the Republican Party and formed the ____.
|
Progressive Party
|
|
|
Nickname for the Progressive Party.
|
Bull Moose Party
|
|
|
Women's suffrage was supported by the platform of the _______.
|
Bull Moose Party (Progressive)
|
|
|
Democratic candidate in 1912.
|
Woodrow Wilson
|
|
|
The name for Woodrow Wilson's policy which promised to enforce antitrust laws without threatening free economic competition.
|
New Freedom
|
|
|
A major factor contributing to the election of Woodrow Wilson in 1912 was that Roosevelt _______.
|
split the Republican vote
|
|
|
Wilson's reform platform during the 1912 campaign differed from Roosevelt's in that he promised to preserve ___________.
|
free economic competition
|
|
|
Passed with Wilson's guidance in 1914 to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act.
|
Clayton Antitrust Act
|
|
|
Spelled out specific activities that big business could not do.
|
Clayton Antitrust Act
|
|
|
Prevented antitrust suits from being brought against unions and prohibited court injunctions against strikes.
|
Clayton Antitrust Act
|
|
|
The Federal Reserve System was established by Woodrow Wilson to reorganize the _______.
|
federal banking system
|
|
|
To prevent bank failures, President Wilson helped create the ______.
|
Federal Reserve System
|
|
|
Progressivism was halted by ______.
|
World War I
|
|
|
In 1872, she was arrested and later convicted for insisting on voting.
|
Susan B. Anthony
|
|
|
Nonviolent refusal to obey a law.
|
civil disobedience
|
|
|
One basic anti-suffrage argument was that it would cause women to become too ____.
|
masculine
|
|
|
Women suffragist fought for the right to vote two ways some fought for a constitutional amendment other fought for the right to vote in individual _______.
|
states
|
|
|
Suffragists achieved some of their earliest successes in persuading specific ______.
|
states to give women the vote
|
|
|
In 1890, veteran leaders of the suffrage movement, including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, were joined by younger leaders in forming the ________.
|
NAWSA
|
|
|
NAWSA
|
National American Woman Suffrage Association
|
|
|
When NAWSA was formed in 1890, women could already __________.
|
buy and sell property
|
|
|
After the deaths of Stanton and Anthony, the woman who eventually led NAWSA to victory was _____.
|
Carrie Chapman Catt
|
|
|
Her aggressive strategy caused a split in the woman's suffrage movement.
|
Alice Paul
|
|
|
Alice Paul's Congressional Union split from NAWSA after it called for bypassing suffrage groups in the ______.
|
states
|
|
|
World War I affected the women's suffrage cause by setting aside arguments about ______.
|
separate spheres for men and women
|
|
|
Women's activities in World War I resulted more Americans supporting their right to ____.
|
suffrage/vote
|
|
|
The battle for women's suffrage ended with the ratification of the _______.
|
Nineteenth Amendment
|
|
|
Nationalism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Militarism
|
Causes of World War I
|
|
|
A desire to expand and be more powerful than other nations.
|
Nationalism
|
|
|
A desire by a national group to have its own state or country.
|
Nationalism
|
|
|
Establishing authority over areas of the world outside a country's natural boundaries.
|
Imperialism
|
|
|
Establishing colonies throughout the world.
|
Imperialism
|
|
|
Resulted in conflicts over colonial possessions.
|
Imperialism
|
|
|
One of the main causes of the war, imperialism, involved acquiring __________.
|
uncolonized areas around the world
|
|
|
The glorification of armed strength.
|
Militarism
|
|
|
Militarism resulted in an _______.
|
arms race
|
|
|
the policy of aggressively building up a nation's armed forces.
|
militarism
|
|
|
Militarism and imperialism were components of ____________.
|
Nationalism
|
|
|
European nations sought a new balance of power through __________.
|
alliances
|
|
|
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. (Name of Alliance)
|
Triple Alliance
|
|
|
Kaiser William II let Germany's friendship treaty lapse with ___________.
|
Russia
|
|
|
Great Britain, France and Russia (name of alliance)
|
Triple Entente
|
|
|
Pulled all of Europe into the war.
|
Alliance system/ Alliances
|
|
|
Caused nations to stand up to other nations when they might not have otherwise done so.
|
Alliances/Alliance System
|
|
|
German ruler during WWI
|
Kaiser William II (Kaiser Wilhelm II)
|
|
|
Wanted Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany.
|
France
|
|
|
Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey feared they would lose territory in the ____
|
Balkans
|
|
|
Held that all Slavic people shared a common nationality.
|
Pan-Slavism
|
|
|
Unrest in this region made it a "powder keg" prior to World War I.
|
Balkans
|
|
|
Austria-Hungary and Russia struggled over the _____________. (area)
|
Balkans
|
|
|
Province of Austria-Hungary with a large Serbian population
|
Bosnia
|
|
|
Nationalists from this country believed Bosnia should belong to their country.
|
Serbia
|
|
|
Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
|
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
|
|
|
Was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.
|
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
|
|
|
What event sparked World War I?
|
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
|
|
|
Germany promised Austria-Hungary total support.
|
"Blank Check"
|
|
|
Russians and Serbians were both _________.
|
Slavic
|
|
|
Austria-Hungary issued Serbia an __________.
|
Ultimatum
|
|
|
Austria-Hungary's ultimatum would have limited ____________.
|
Serbia's independence
|
|
|
In the first move of the war Austria Hungary declared war on ___________.
|
Serbia
|
|
|
Nation that supported Serbia
|
Russia
|
|
|
To get an army in position for war. (term)
|
Mobilize
|
|
|
Russia decided to mobilize early because it lacked ____________.
|
railroads
|
|
|
In German eyes Russia's mobilization amounted to a ____________.
|
declaration of war
|
|
|
Declared war on Russia.
|
Germany
|
|
|
When France promised to support Russia __________.
|
Germany declared war on France
|
|
|
Germany hoped to avoid fighting a _________.
|
two front war
|
|
|
German plan to defeat France before Russia could mobilize.
|
Schlieffen Plan
|
|
|
The Schlieffen Plan was intended to keep Germany from fighting a __________.
|
two front war
|
|
|
Germany requested passage to France through ______________.
|
neutral Belgium
|
|
|
Germany invaded France through ___________.
|
neutral Belgium
|
|
|
It declared war on Germany because Germany had violated Belgium neutrality.
|
Great Britain
|
|
|
World War I began in ______. (year)
|
1914
|
|
|
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turks and their allies. (what they were called)
|
Central Powers
|
|
|
France, Britain, Russia and their allies. (what they were called)
|
Allies
|
|
|
Allied victory that saved Paris. (early in the war)
|
Battle of the Marne
|
|
|
Allied victory that destroyed the Schlieffen Plan
|
Battle of the Marne
|
|
|
Made the defense stronger than the offense. (in warfare)
|
Trench Warfare
|
|
|
Made the fighting even more brutal. (in warfare)
|
Trench Warfare
|
|
|
As a result of trench warfare the war became a ____________.
|
stalemate
|
|
|
In a struggle where neither side can improve its position
|
stalemate
|
|
|
Played a major part in the deadlock and slaughter of trench warfare. (weapon)
|
Machine Gun
|
|
|
Generals who did not understand the killing power of modern weapons kept giving the order to _______.
|
attack
|
|
|
Choked and blinded victims. (weapon)
|
Poison Gas
|
|
|
The space between two sets of trenches.
|
No-man's-land
|
|
|
Most World War I soldiers were __________.
|
draftees
|
|
|
When countries mobilize all their resources into the war effort.
|
Total War
|
|
|
Used by governments to conserve supplies
|
Rationing
|
|
|
Using information to encourage a particular point of view.
|
Propaganda
|
|
|
Propaganda was used by both sides in an attempt to win the support of the ______.
|
U.S.
|
|
|
Were more effective in the use of propaganda.
|
Allies
|
|
|
Country that actively encouraged anti-German feeling in the United States.
|
Great Britain
|
|
|
Most Americans opposed the Central Powers because of Germany's frightening _______.
|
militarism
|
|
|
To protect American investments and the ability to trade Wilson declared the U.S. a _____.
|
neutral country
|
|
|
Called for strengthening U.S. armed forces in case the U.S. needed to aid Great Britain
|
Preparedness movement
|
|
|
Worked to keep the U.S. neutral in both thought and deed, and to prevent even the preparation for war.
|
Peace Movement
|
|
|
Both sides attempted to prevent the enemy from getting supplies. (method)
|
blockades
|
|
|
The Allies had a more effective blockade because of the ____________.
|
British Navy
|
|
|
To make their blockade more effective the Germans began to use ____________.
|
Submarine Warfare
|
|
|
At the beginning of the war German U-boats would surface and give warning before attacking ________.
|
merchant ships
|
|
|
After Britain armed merchant ships to fire on U-boats, the German U-boats refused to surface and give ______.
|
warning
|
|
|
Broke international law by not giving warning or taking passengers.
|
Submarine Warfare
|
|
|
The German U-boat changed the rules of war because it remained hidden and ______.
|
fired without warning
|
|
|
When the British cut the transatlantic cable connecting Germany and the U.S. all news coming to the U.S. from the European front had a ____.
|
pro-Allied bias
|
|
|
British Luxury liner sunk by German Sub. (120 Americans die)
|
Lusitania
|
|
|
American thought German submarine warfare was _____.
|
uncivilized
|
|
|
German submarines aimed to attack ships that were carrying _____.
|
Weapons to the Allies
|
|
|
After the German's sank the French Sussex, the U.S. threatened to cut _______.
|
diplomatic ties with Germany
|
|
|
German government promised that German U-boats would warn ships before attacking.
|
Sussex pledge
|
|
|
Wilson won re-election in 1916 on the motto ________.
|
"He kept us out of war"
|
|
|
To starve the allies in hopes of defeating them before America entered the war Germany resumed ______________.
|
unrestricted submarine warfare
|
|
|
The U.S. broke of diplomatic relations with Germany when Germany _______.
|
violated the Sussex Pledge
|
|
|
In the ____, Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico.
|
Zimmerman note
|
|
|
Was the first of the major countries to become exhausted from total war.
|
Russia
|
|
|
Resulted in the setting up of a liberal government. (during World War I)
|
First Russian Revolution (of 1917)
|
|
|
The fall of the Autocratic czar in the first Russian revolution removed one last stumbling block to the U.S. __________.
|
joining the Allies
|
|
|
When Germany sank three U.S. ships Wilson urged Congress to ___________.
|
declare war on Germany
|
|
|
A major factor in the decision of the U.S. to enter World War I was Germany's use of ______.
|
unrestricted submarine warfare
|
|
|
Year the U.S. entered WWI.
|
1917
|
|
|
When he was sent to Europe with a small token force he realized he needed more troops and called for a much larger army.
|
General John J. Pershing
|
|
|
Was used to draft young men into U.S. military forces.
|
Selective Service Act
|
|
|
The feeling in the U.S. that WWI was the "war to end all wars" led to widespread acceptance of the ______.
|
draft
|
|
|
Included American draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen.
|
American Expeditionary Force
|
|
|
A group of unarmed ships surrounded by armed ships.
|
convoy
|
|
|
The purpose of the convoy system was to transport _________.
|
troops and supplies safely across the Atlantic
|
|
|
The convoy system, instituted in May 1917, cut __________.
|
merchant marine losses in half
|
|
|
Because Pershing believed the allied troops had become too defensive he kept AEF independent of the ______.
|
Allied armies
|
|
|
In World War I African American troops were ________________ and rarely allowed to fight
|
segregated
|
|
|
In World War I African American troops were segregated and __________________.
|
rarely allowed to fight
|
|
|
African Americans fighting in World War I were used mostly for ________.
|
manual labor
|
|
|
Loaned to the French and integrated into the French army the entire regiment received France's highest combat medal.
|
Harlem Hell Fighters
|
|
|
Secret weapon shipped into Russia by the Germans.
|
Vladimir Lenin
|
|
|
Results in the setting up of a Communist Gov.
|
Second Russian Revolution (of 1917)
|
|
|
After Vladimir Lenin seized control of Russia in 1917 he withdrew _________.
|
Russia from the war
|
|
|
Communist Russia makes a separate peace with Germany.
|
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
|
|
|
Allows Germany to fight a one front war.
|
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
|
|
|
The area of contact between opposing sides in warfare.
|
front
|
|
|
Russia's exit from the war increased the pressure on the __________.
|
Allies
|
|
|
Being able to fight a one front war the Germans made a massive push and came to within ____________.
|
50 miles of Paris
|
|
|
At Chateau-Thierry, American marines helped save _________.
|
Paris
|
|
|
28,000 American troops joined the French and forced the Germans back across the river ending any hopes of German victory.
|
Second Battle of the Marne
|
|
|
Using this new weapon, which could cross trenches and roll through barbed wire, the Allies began to break the German lines.
|
tank
|
|
|
As Germany weakened, the Allies sought the ___________.
|
unconditional surrender of Germany.
|
|
|
In this final allied assault, over a million AEF troops began the drive to expel the Germans from France.
|
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
|
|
|
Machine gun, tanks, submarines, airplanes, gas and zeppelins.
|
new weapons of WWI
|
|
|
New weapons and trench warfare turned WWI into a _____________.
|
war of attrition
|
|
|
When the winner in war is determined by who can continue to fight the longest.
|
war of attrition
|
|
|
Helps break the stalemate and bring an allied victory.
|
U.S. entrance
|
|
|
Ends the fighting after the Kaiser abdicated his throne.
|
Armistice
|
|
|
Date of the Armistice
|
1918
|
|
|
Was signed by civilian representatives of the new German Republic that replaced the Kaiser.
|
Armistice
|
|
|
In the last few months of the War it killed more people world wide than all of the wartime battles.
|
Influenza Epidemic
|
|
|
Was brought to Europe from America by American soldiers.
|
Influenza Epidemic
|
|
|
Killed over half a million Americans and perhaps 30 million people world wide before it came to an end.
|
Influenza Epidemic
|
|
|
Number of American soldiers that died in battle.
|
50,000
|
|
|
Estimated total death toll of soldiers and sailors in the war.
|
8 million
|
|
|
Were victims of a Genocide attempt by the Ottoman Turks who suspected them of disloyalty to the government.
|
Armenians
|
|
|
Organized killing of an entire people.
|
genocide
|
|
|
Were sold to help the U.S. finance the war.
|
Liberty Bonds
|
|
|
Enabled the U.S. to loan more than $10 billion to the Allies.
|
Liberty Bonds
|
|
|
During World War I the federal government regulated the production of ___________.
|
war goods
|
|
|
The U.S. government increased control of the economy during World War I by overseeing ______.
|
war-related production
|
|
|
Had far-reaching powers including the ability to fix prices.
|
War Industries Board
|
|
|
Minorities and women found employment opportunities mainly in _________.
|
war-related industries
|
|
|
Gave the President the power to regulate the production and consumption of foods and fuels vital to the war effort.
|
Lever Food and Fuel Control Act
|
|
|
As head of the Food Administration, he worked to increase farm output and reduce waste.
|
Herbert Hoover
|
|
|
Fears of spies and sabotage in the U.S. during the war led to repression of _________.
|
free speech
|
|
|
Fears of spies and sabotage in the U.S. during the war led to restrictions on _________.
|
immigration
|
|
|
The passage of a literacy test for immigrants marked the revival of ________.
|
nativism
|
|
|
Fears of spies and sabotage in the U.S. during the war led to discrimination and violence toward _________.
|
German Americans
|
|
|
Made it illegal to discuss anything negative about the government, the Constitution, the army, or the navy.
|
the Sedition Act
|
|
|
Violated the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech. (during WWI)
|
the Sedition Act
|
|
|
IT gained strength during WWI, but it also became the target of government efforts to control political radicals.
|
International Workers of the World (IWW)
|
|
|
The need for labor during the war resulted in the mass movement of African Americans to northern cities.
|
the Great Migration
|
|
|
As a result of WWI about 400,000 joined the industrial work force for the first time.
|
women
|
|
|
Russia and the defeated Central powers were not invited to the _____________.
|
Paris Peace Conference
|
|
|
Most influential man at the peace conference.
|
Woodrow Wilson
|
|
|
Leader of the American delegation to the peace conference
|
Woodrow Wilson
|
|
|
Wilson's goals for the war and peace plan after the war.
|
Fourteen Points
|
|
|
Included reduction of armaments, national self determination, end to secret alliances, and a League of Nations.
|
Fourteen Points
|
|
|
Attempting to draw boundaries around recognizable national groups.
|
National Self Determination
|
|
|
Was to support peace by solving conflict through negotiations.
|
League of Nations
|
|
|
It was based on the idea of collective security.
|
League of Nations
|
|
|
System in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all.
|
Collective Security
|
|
|
Wilson compromised on other points to secure the inclusion of the ______________.
|
League of Nations
|
|
|
The U.S. Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles because they thought the _________ would limit the war making powers of congress.
|
League of Nations
|
|
|
Opposed the Versailles Treaty because they did not want to join the League of Nations.
|
"irreconcilable" Senators
|
|
|
Many Republicans in the Senate objected to Article 10 of the League of Nations charter because they feared that the nation would be _____.
|
drawn into foreign wars.
|
|
|
Placed total blame for the war on Germany
|
Treaty of Versailles
|
|
|
The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay ____________.
|
reparations
|
|
|
Payment for damages in a war.
|
reparations
|
|
|
The treaty of Versailles failed to create a lasting peace because it was ___________.
|
too harsh on Germany
|
|
|
Postwar adjustments were difficult in the U.S. because there was no plan for merging the returning troops __________.
|
back into society
|
|
|
The main economic problem facing veterans, returning from the war, was a shortage of ____.
|
jobs
|
|
|
By the end of the war, many Americans directly involved in the war had become disillusioned by the ____________.
|
realities of war
|
|
|
In U.S. History the decade of the 1920s stands out as a time of ________.
|
rapid change
|
|
|
Shattered a sense of optimism that had grown in the West since the Enlightenment.
|
World War I
|
|
|
Another name for the "Roaring Twenties."
|
Jazz Age
|
|
|
During the 1920s many young people who had been disillusioned by the war rejected the moral values of the __________.
|
Victorian Age
|
|
|
Symbol of the rebellious Jazz Age youth.
|
flapper
|
|
|
Nickname given to young women of the 1920s who defied convention and broke norms.
|
flapper
|
|
|
Though relatively few in number, in the 1920s they symbolized women's desire to break with the past.
|
flappers
|
|
|
During the 1920s many women felt freer to experiment with bolder _____.
|
styles and manners
|
|
|
The new morals and manners of the 1920s were reflected in women's ___.
|
fashions
|
|
|
In the 1920's, the status of women in the workplace changed _______.
|
very little
|
|
|
They did not feel comfortable voting, they could not leave their children and go to the poles, their families discouraged them from voting.
|
reasons many women didn't vote when they first won the right
|
|
|
Statistics that describe a population.
|
demographics
|
|
|
One group that suffered economically during the 1920s was the _______.
|
farmers
|
|
|
Because they were needed as laborers farm children were less likely to go to ______.
|
high school
|
|
|
In the 1920s jobs for African Americans in the South were ____.
|
scarce and low paying
|
|
|
Many southern factories refused to hire ________.
|
African Americans
|
|
|
African Americans migrated north in the early 1900s mainly because of an ___________.
|
industrial boom
|
|
|
During the 1920s, Congress acted to limit immigration especially from ____.
|
Southern & Eastern Europe
|
|
|
After immigration laws were tightened, many low-paying jobs went to immigrants from _________.
|
Canada & Mexico
|
|
|
Became a magnet for migrants from Mexico.
|
Los Angeles
|
|
|
A Spanish-speaking neighborhood.
|
Barrio
|
|
|
In the late 1800s enabled people to live in the suburbs and commute to the cities.
|
trolleys
|
|
|
In the 1920s, trolleys to the suburbs were largely replaced by ____.
|
buses
|
|
|
A major demographic shift of the 1920s was movement away from the urban areas to the ________.
|
suburbs
|
|
|
Many Americans became fascinated with heroes in the 1920s because they longed for symbols of __________.
|
old-fashioned virtues
|
|
|
In Charles Lindbergh and other heroes, Americans recognized the virtues of the _______.
|
"good old days"
|
|
|
One of the most popular heroes of the era was baseball star ___.
|
Babe Ruth
|
|
|
Native American Sports hero who won Olympic gold medals in the pentathlon and the decathlon and went on to play pro football.
|
Jim Thorpe
|
|
|
Became a national hero after flying nonstop from New York to Paris.
|
Charles Lindbergh
|
|
|
In 1932 she was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic.
|
Amelia Earhart
|
|
|
The rapid development of the mass media during the 1920s promoted the creation of a __________.
|
national culture
|
|
|
The growth of radio and other mass media in the 1920s produced a _______.
|
national culture
|
|
|
In the late 1920 movies changed with the introduction of ____.
|
sound
|
|
|
The rise of films, radio broadcasting, and the news media all helped to bring about a ______
|
national culture
|
|
|
Methods of communicating information to large numbers of people.
|
mass media
|
|
|
Jazz was brought to northern cities by ________________.
|
southern African Americans
|
|
|
African Americans combined Western harmonies with African rhythms to create____.
|
Jazz
|
|
|
Clubs in the Harlem district of New York City were among the hottest places to listen to ________.
|
jazz
|
|
|
Name of the new dance popular with the flappers that embodied the spirit of the Jazz Age.
|
Charleston
|
|
|
One of the most celebrated jazz musicians of the 1920s was a pianist, composer, and bandleader.
|
Duke Ellington
|
|
|
Popular jazz trumpeter and singer who popularized a style known as "scat."
|
Louis Armstrong
|
|
|
Using the voice to replace words with nonsense syllables.
|
"Scat"
|
|
|
Name for the 1920s after a popular and influential form of music.
|
Jazz Age
|
|
|
Young adults in Europe and America in general, and writers in particular, who had become disillusioned with the world and Western values after World War I.
|
the Lost Generation
|
|
|
Was the term for expatriate writers who were repelled by American popular culture and society in the 1920s.
|
Lost Generation
|
|
|
Members of the Lost Generation left the ___________.
|
country to live in Paris
|
|
|
Small towns, the medical business, and dishonest ministers were all targets of novelist ___.
|
Sinclair Lewis
|
|
|
African American literacy movement of the 1920s.
|
Harlem Renaissance
|
|
|
Writers James Weldon Johnson and Zora Neale Hurston took part in a movement called the ____.
|
Harlem Renaissance
|
|
|
Harlem writer who gained fame for writing the novel "Their Eyes Were Watching God."
|
Zora Neale Hurston
|
|
|
Republican President elected in 1920, promised a "return to normalcy."
|
Warren Harding
|
|
|
The fact that many people opposed the freer lifestyle of the Jazz age was demonstrated by _______.
|
Prohibition
|
|
|
Outlawed the production and sale of alcohol in the U.S.
|
Prohibition (18th Amendment)
|
|
|
Suppliers of illegal alcohol during Prohibition.
|
bootleggers
|
|
|
Illegal bars that operated behind storefronts and pool rooms.
|
speakeasies
|
|
|
One result of Prohibition during the 1920s was the rise of ______.
|
organized crime
|
|
|
Engaging in an illegal business, usually a part of organized crime.
|
racketeering
|
|
|
Racketeering was one of the unforeseen results of _________.
|
Prohibition
|
|
|
Chicago gangster nicknamed "Scarface."
|
Al Capone
|
|
|
Al Capone who ran Chicago's largest organized crime gang in the 1920s evaded charges against him until he was finally convicted of _____.
|
income-tax evasion
|
|
|
A set of beliefs based on a literal interpretation of the Bible.
|
Fundamentalism
|
|
|
A set of beliefs held by religious traditionalists.
|
fundamentalism
|
|
|
In the 1920s, fundamentalist gained attention for their belief in a literal interpretation of the ____.
|
Bible
|
|
|
Some states banned the teaching of evolution in the schools because the theory seemed to contradict the ____.
|
Biblical account of creation
|
|
|
Case about the teaching of evolution in schools.
|
Scopes trial
|
|
|
John Scopes was encouraged to teach evolution in order to test the ________.
|
constitutionality of laws against the teaching of evolution
|
|
|
Supporter of free speech in the Scopes trial.
|
Clarence Darrow
|
|
|
Defense attorney in the Scopes trial.
|
Clarence Darrow
|
|
|
Took up the cause of fundamentalist Christians as the prosecuting attorney at the Scopes trial.
|
William Jennings Bryan
|
|
|
Trial over the legal right to teach evolution in schools.
|
Scopes trial
|
|
|
Group that lost some momentum as a result of the Scopes trial.
|
fundamentalists
|
|
|
Jamaican-born leader of movement promoting African American pride.
|
Marcus Garvey
|
|
|
Led a movement in the 1920s to build up African American self-respect and economic power.
|
Marcus Garvey
|
|
|
Marcus Garvey urged African Americans to return to _____.
|
Africa
|
|
|
Marcus Garvey was a black ______.
|
nationalist
|
|
|
In the summer of 1919, mob violence between white and black Americans erupted in about 25 cities.
|
"Red Summer"
|
|
|
The race riots in Chicago in 1919 were partially the result of overcrowded _____.
|
neighborhoods
|
|
|
African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants were the main targets in the 1920s of the newly revived _____.
|
Ku Klux Klan
|
|
|
Writer from the Harlem Renaissance perhaps most studied today. A poet, short story writer, journalist, and playwright whose career stretched into the 1960s. He spoke with a clear, strong voice about the joys and difficulties of being human, being American, and being black.
|
Langston Hughes
|
|
|
In the 1920s Americans were still strongly affected by their memory of _____
|
World War I
|
|
|
After World War I a harsh economic _____
|
downturn had begun
|
|
|
Emerging from the shadow of the war and putting the economy back on track became significant issues in the 1920_____.
|
presidential race
|
|
|
Harding's call for a return to "normalcy" helped him win the 1920 election over democrat _____.
|
James Cox
|
|
|
Russia's last absolute ruler, who was ousted from power in March of 1917.
|
Czar Nicholas II
|
|
|
Nicholas II was ousted by a spontaneous uprising which resulted in the creation of a democratic government, but since that government attempted to continue fighting WWI, it was quickly ousted by a second revolution led by _______.
|
Vladimir Lenin
|
|
|
Leader who made communism the official ideology of Russia and the Soviet Union.
|
Vladimir Lenin
|
|
|
An intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas in the U.S.
|
Red Scare
|
|
|
The first Red Scare was a response to the ______.
|
Russian Revolution
|
|
|
The government owns all the land and property. A single political party controls the government. The needs of the country always take priority over the rights of the individual. Wealth should be distributed equally not by competition.
|
Communism
|
|
|
Many Americans feared Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks because they promoted a system that was hostile to ___________.
|
American values
|
|
|
Americans feared communists because they were openly hostile to _____________.
|
American values
|
|
|
Americans were alarmed by Russia's intention to spread communism to _____.
|
other countries
|
|
|
The Red Scare encouraged a revival of nativist feeling or fear of _____.
|
immigrants
|
|
|
Supreme Court Case in which Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said the government is justified in silencing free speech when there is a "clear and present danger."
|
Schenk v. United States
|
|
|
In the case of Schenk v. United States the Supreme court declared that the government was justified in silencing free speech when there was a _________.
|
clear and present danger
|
|
|
Affirmed that the Fourteenth Amendment protected civil rights against the restriction by state governments. Nationalized the Bill of Rights.
|
Gitlow v. New York
|
|
|
Attorney general who set up a special task force to conduct raids and arrest suspected "subversives."
|
A. Mitchell Palmer
|
|
|
The Palmer raids were organized to root out groups whose activities posed a clear ________________.
|
danger to the country
|
|
|
Immigrants whose murder conviction provoked controversy.
|
Sacco and Vanzetti
|
|
|
Many Americans believed that Sacco and Vanzetti were executed because they were _____________.
|
immigrants with radical beliefs during the Red Scare
|
|
|
Labor unrest grew in the US after WWI because of the significant rise in the _______________.
|
cost of living
|
|
|
Many Americans believed they were behind the labor strikes of 1919.
|
communists
|
|
|
Strikes had declined in 1920 because they were not supported by the government, the economic downturn had reduced the number of workers, and the economic boom which followed it reduced the incentive to ____.
|
strike
|
|
|
After World War I President Harding called for a return to "__________."
|
normalcy
|
|
|
Isolationism and laissez-faire business policy were both key features of the ______.
|
Republican administrations of the 20s
|
|
|
Harding and Coolidge both based their foreign policies on a return to _____________.
|
isolationism
|
|
|
the policy of avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.
|
Isolationism
|
|
|
Hurt both U.S. Industry and European nations that had to pay back war debts by raising import taxes to very high levels.
|
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
|
|
|
Helped save the German economy following World War I, provided Germany with large loans from American banks. (1924)
|
Dawes Plan
|
|
|
As Americans became more isolationist they also became more _____.
|
nativist
|
|
|
Nativist reacted to the sharp rise in immigration following World War I with calls for limiting ______.
|
immigration
|
|
|
Responding to the nativist demands and presidential pressure in the 1920s Congress began to pass laws which severely limited ______.
|
immigration
|
|
|
Reduced the annual quota of immigrants from a country to 2 percent of the number of people from that country living in the US based on the 1890 census.
|
National Origins Act
|
|
|
A numerical limit.
|
quota
|
|
|
Reduced the number of people who could enter the United States in 1924.
|
National Origins Act
|
|
|
The National Origins Act and the quota system especially limited immigration from _______.
|
Southern and Eastern Europe
|
|
|
Even though there is no evidence that Harding himself was involved in the scandals his administration was characterized by _____.
|
corruption
|
|
|
When Harding's Secretary of the interior gave oil drilling rights to two private companies in exchange for illegal payments.
|
Teapot Dome scandal
|
|
|
Scandal that tarnished the reputation of the Harding administration.
|
Teapot Dome
|
|
|
Republican Presidents of the 1920s generally favored _______. (segment of the economy)
|
business
|
|
|
Business policy supported by Calvin Coolidge
|
laissez faire
|
|
|
"Silent" Republican President who opposed government interference in American business.
|
Calvin Coolidge
|
|
|
According to Calvin Coolidge "the business, of the American people is _____________________."
|
business
|
|
|
Under the Kellogg-Briand Pact, 15 nations agreed not to use the threat of _____________.
|
war
|
|
|
15 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war in their joint dealings.
|
Kellogg-Briand Pact
|
|
|
Prohibitionist Republican candidate in the election of 1928.
|
Herbert Hoover
|
|
|
Democratic candidate in the election of 1928.
|
Alfred E. Smith
|
|
|
President who easily won the 1928 election expecting that Americans would continue to prosper.
|
Herbert Hoover
|
|
|
The 1920s saw a shift from an economy that buys what it needs to one that buys what it _________.
|
wants
|
|
|
During the 1920s the United States became a __________ economy.
|
consumer
|
|
|
A consumer economy depends on a large amount of ____________.
|
spending
|
|
|
The economy grew in the 1920s partly because consumers began to buy goods on _____.
|
credit
|
|
|
In the 1920s, many American consumers began to adopt the practice of buying goods on ____.
|
credit
|
|
|
The growth of a consumer economy in America in the 1920s was fueled by _________. (type of credit)
|
installment plans or installment buying
|
|
|
The consumer makes partial payments at set intervals over a period of time until the debt is paid.
|
installment plans or installment buying
|
|
|
Installment plans and credit encouraged Americans to spend beyond their _____.
|
means
|
|
|
Advertisements in the 1920s changed from an emphasis on quality to an emphasis on ______.
|
consumer image
|
|
|
Advertisements in the 1920s appealed to such emotions as ______.
|
insecurity & fear
|
|
|
Electric power, persuasive advertising, and the installment plan all helped consumers go on a _______ in the 1920s.
|
buying spree
|
|
|
The consumer economy could not have developed as rapidly as it did without an increased volume of _________.
|
goods to buy
|
|
|
New resources, new management methods, and new technologies in the 1920s all increased worker _______________.
|
productivity
|
|
|
A workers level of output over a given period.
|
productivity
|
|
|
Republican laissez-faire policies were a part of the reason for the 1920s success of ___.
|
business
|
|
|
The total value of goods and services a country produces annually.
|
Gross National Product
|
|
|
New roads were built in response to the boom in the ________.
|
automotive industry
|
|
|
His dream was to sell cars that ordinary people could afford.
|
Henry Ford
|
|
|
Ford did not invent the assembly line but he made it more _____.
|
efficient
|
|
|
Made it possible for Henry Ford to produce cars quickly and cheaply.
|
assembly line
|
|
|
Businessman and inventor who developed and mass-produced automobiles.
|
Henry Ford
|
|
|
Industry that did the most to boost other industries in the 1920s.
|
automobile making
|
|
|
Part of Ford success came from the fact that he owned or controlled so many of the steps in production or what is called ___________.
|
vertical consolidation
|
|
|
Process of gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product's development.
|
vertical consolidation
|
|
|
Motels and gas stations were new businesses that rose as a result of the increase in _________.
|
automobiles
|
|
|
In 1929 when he took office most Americans expected prosperity to continue.
|
Herbert Hoover
|
|
|
Bruce Barton's "The Man Nobody Knows" written in 1925 portrayed what man as a managerial genius?
|
Jesus
|
|
|
John J. Raskob a corporate leader wrote an article entitled "Everybody Ought to be _____."
|
rich
|
|
|
Offering workers higher wages and some benefits.
|
Welfare capitalism
|
|
|
Helped satisfy workers and resulted in organized labor losing members in the 1920s.
|
Welfare capitalism
|
|
|
During the 1920s stock prices were _________.
|
rising
|
|
|
Because Hoover had confidence in the business world he did not discourage the wild buying of stocks with _________________.
|
borrowed money
|
|
|
Paying part of a stock's price and borrowing the rest.
|
buying on the margin
|
|
|
Practices such as buying on the margin reflected the 1920s American attitude of _____.
|
"get-rich-quick"
|
|
|
Consumer's desire for exciting new products led to an increase in _____________.
|
personal debt
|
|
|
The practice of making high-risk investments in hopes of a huge return.
|
speculation
|
|
|
The 1920s rise in the stock market mainly benefited the _.
|
rich
|
|
|
Despite the prosperity of the 1920s, life remained hard for many ___________. (2 groups)
|
farmers and factory workers
|
|
|
Uneven prosperity, personal debt, overproduction and stock market speculation were all signs of an _____.
|
unsound economy
|
|
|
In the 1920 Stock prices rose and the economy appeared _______.
|
healthy
|
|
|
Throughout most of the 1920s, Americans were generally confident that business would bring about continued ______.
|
prosperity
|
|
|
One sign that the economy might be weakening in the 1920s was the uneven distribution of national _____.
|
wealth
|
|
|
Periods in which the economy grows, then contracts.
|
business cycle
|
|
|
Information about stock prices is reflected in the ___.
|
Dow Jones Industrial Average
|
|
|
When stock prices fell suddenly in 1929 most investors raced to ______.
|
sell their stocks
|
|
|
When the Dow Jones Industrial Average began to drop sharply in late October 1929, investors raced to get their money ________.
|
out of the stock market
|
|
|
In the fall of 1929, a sudden fall in stock prices resulted in a wave of _______.
|
panic selling of stocks
|
|
|
October the twenty-ninth, 1929
|
Black Tuesday
|
|
|
A record 16.4 million shares of stock were sold.
|
Black Tuesday
|
|
|
Despite efforts to halt it, IT continued beyond Black Tuesday.
|
Great Stock Market Crash
|
|
|
During the 1920s banks loaned huge sums of money to ________.
|
high risk businesses
|
|
|
When their stock prices fell high risk businesses were unable to repay their loans to _____.
|
banks
|
|
|
When people borrowed money to pay for high cost consumer items.
|
consumer borrowing
|
|
|
When banks called in loans borrowers were often unable to ______.
|
pay
|
|
|
Fearful that banks would run out of money people rushed to make _____.
|
withdrawals
|
|
|
With businesses and consumers unable to repay their loans banks were thus unable to pay their _________.
|
depositors
|
|
|
After the Crash, thousands of American banks closed, because they could not ________.
|
return depositors' money
|
|
|
When banks failed millions of Americans lost their ____.
|
savings
|
|
|
Bank failures resulted in businesses not being able to borrow money to______.
|
produce goods
|
|
|
Because people did not have the money to buy goods businesses lacked the ________.
|
incentive to produce goods
|
|
|
As businesses cut back on production, they laid off workers and _________.
|
unemployment grew
|
|
|
As unemployment grew and incomes shrank, consumers spent even less, resulting in more production cuts in a _______.
|
downward spiral
|
|
|
Not long after Black Tuesday, the stock market crash was affecting millions of Americans many of whom had never _________.
|
owned stock
|
|
|
The Crash led to unemployment for ________.
|
millions of workers
|
|
|
The collapse of the American economic system led to a __________,
|
worldwide depression
|
|
|
European economies were hurt during the Depression when U.S. companies stopped investing in ______.
|
Germany
|
|
|
One sign that economy of the 1920s was unsound was that more goods were being produced than ________.
|
consumers could buy
|
|
|
One of the underlying causes of the Great Depression was the United States' ______.
|
unstable economy
|
|
|
During the Depression, wage cuts and unemployment eventually affected _________.
|
all levels of society
|
|
|
Those hit hardest by the Depression were the ____.
|
low-paid laborers
|
|
|
Many farms were auctioned off when farmers could not pay their ________.
|
mortgages
|
|
|
Loan given on the security of the borrower's property.
|
mortgage
|
|
|
When a laid off worker could not pay their mortgage they would often lose their ___.
|
home
|
|
|
Homelessness increased mainly because THEY lost their homes.
|
laid-off workers
|
|
|
During the Depression, homeless people set up _____.
|
Hoovervilles
|
|
|
Shanty towns built by the homeless during the Great Depression.
|
Hooverville
|
|
|
They sprang up in the nation's cities as a result of wage cuts and the unemployment of the 1930s.
|
Hoovervilles
|
|
|
In spite of the apparent prosperity of the 1920s farmers faced _________.
|
hard times
|
|
|
A major environmental crisis of the 1930s was known as the ________.
|
Dust Bowl
|
|
|
A parched region of the Great Plains, including parts of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas, where a combination of drought and soil erosion created enormous dust storms in the 1930s.
|
Dust Bowl
|
|
|
During the Depression people's physical and mental health declined as a result of a ____.
|
poor diet and anxiety
|
|
|
During the Depression, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans often lost jobs to _______.
|
white laborers
|
|
|
Experienced worsening conditions during the depression and discrimination in job and relief programs.
|
African Americans
|
|
|
During the Depression, many members of minority groups lost their low-paying jobs to ___.
|
whites
|
|
|
During the Depression working women were often accused of ________.
|
taking jobs away from men
|
|
|
Photographer who showed the realities of the Depression to the nation.
|
Dorothea Lange
|
|
|
Her photographs of migrant workers helped win aid for the workers.
|
Dorothea Lange
|
|
|
The "Depression generation" avoided buying expensive items ______.
|
on credit
|
|
|
When a foreclosed farm was auctioned some people agreed to keep ______.
|
bids low
|
|
|
This party gained some support during the depression as a result of the terrible conditions.
|
Socialist
|
|
|
During the Depression radical and reform movements often worked together to seek ________.
|
social justice
|
|
|
During the Depression many people used IT to fight despair.
|
humor
|
|
|
Repeal of Prohibition
|
Twenty-first Amendment
|
|
|
Ratified in 1933, repealed the ban on alcoholic beverages.
|
Twenty-first Amendment
|
|
|
In 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment brought an end to ______.
|
Prohibition
|
|
|
One goal of those who worked to repeal Prohibition was to curb ______.
|
gangsters
|
|
|
Dramatic symbol of hope during the Depression.
|
Empire State building
|
|
|
Symbol of business in the 1920s who became labor's prime enemy in the 1930s.
|
Henry Ford
|
|
|
President Hoover believed that the best strategy for ending the Depression was encouraging _________.
|
voluntary controls of the business sector
|
|
|
Hoover believed that the best way to end the Depression was through controls by American businesses that were ________.
|
voluntary
|
|
|
Hoover believed that if people became dependent upon the government they would lose their _____.
|
freedom
|
|
|
Because Hoover believed business controls should be voluntary and because he believed government aid could eliminate people's freedom he refused to do much to eliminate the ______,
|
pain of the Depression
|
|
|
The widespread pain of the Depression, and democratic gains in congress, eventually forced Hoover to ____
|
act
|
|
|
1930 import tax, the highest in history.
|
Hawley-Smoot tariff
|
|
|
In 1930, Congress passed the IT to protect domestic industries from foreign imports.
|
Hawley-Smoot tariff
|
|
|
The Hawley-Smoot tariff backfired when, European countries raised their own tariffs, bringing a sudden slowdown in ______.
|
international trade
|
|
|
Was aimed to provide government credit to banks and other large industries.
|
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
|
|
|
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation reflected the theory (held by Hoover and others) that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a _____.
|
whole
|
|
|
The Hawley-Smoot tariff and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation were attempt to alleviate the pain of the Depression made during the ____.
|
Hoover Administration
|
|
|
World War I veterans who marched on Washington demanding immediate payment of a pension bonus that had been promised for 1945.
|
Bonus Army
|
|
|
President Hoover ordered General Douglas MacArthur to clear only Pennsylvania Avenue of the _____.
|
Bonus Army
|
|
|
Ordered force to be used against the Bonus Army to drive it out of Washington.
|
Douglass MacArthur
|
|
|
General MacArthur used force to get them to leave the capital.
|
the Bonus Army
|
|
|
As governor of New York worked vigorously for relief for the jobless.
|
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
|
|
|
President who promised the nation a "New Deal."
|
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
|
|
|
This Presidential candidates spirit of optimism appealed to Americans.
|
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
|
|
|
Roosevelt easily won the 1932 presidential election by promising a _______.
|
New Deal for Americans
|
|
|
Economist who believed that massive government spending programs could revive a failing economy.
|
John Maynard Keynes
|
|
|
The 1932 presidential election served as a turning point in the way Americans viewed the responsibilities of the ___.
|
federal government
|
|
|
A fundamental disagreement between the candidates in the 1932 presidential election concerned whether or not the federal government should try to fix __________.
|
people's problems
|
|
|
A turning point in the role of government in American society.
|
Presidential election of 1932
|
|
|
Wife of the President and experienced social reformer.
|
Eleanor Roosevelt
|
