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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nationalism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Militarism
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Causes of World War I
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A desire to expand and be more powerful than other nations.
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Nationalism
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A desire by a national group to have its own state or country.
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Nationalism
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Establishing authority over areas of the world outside a country's natural boundaries.
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Imperialism
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Establishing colonies throughout the world.
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Imperialism
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Resulted in conflicts over colonial possessions.
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Imperialism
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The glorification of armed strength.
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Militarism
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Militarism resulted in an _______.
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arms race
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Militarism and imperialism were components of ____________.
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Nationalism
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The European balance of power was disrupted by the unifications of _________________
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Germany and Italy
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European nations sought a new balance of power through __________.
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alliances
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. (Name of Alliance)
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Triple Alliance
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Kaiser William II let Germany's friendship treaty lapse with ___________.
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Russia
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Great Britain, France and Russia (name of alliance)
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Triple Entente
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Pulled all of Europe into the war.
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Alliance system
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German ruler during WWI
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Kaiser William II (Kaiser Wilhelm II)
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Kaiser William II sought to compete with Britain by building a _____________.
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large navy
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Wanted Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany.
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France
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Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey feared they would lose territory in the ____
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Balkans
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Held that all Slavic people shared a common nationality.
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Pan-Slavism
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Unrest in this region made it a "powder keg" prior to World War I.
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Balkans
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Austria-Hungary and Russia struggled over the _____________. (area)
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Balkans
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Province of Austria-Hungary with a large Serbian population
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Bosnia
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Nationalists from this country believed Bosnia should belong to their country.
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Serbia
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Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand
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Was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand
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Germany promised Austria-Hungary total support.
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"Blank Check"
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Russians and Serbians were both _________.
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Slavic
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Russians hoped to gain access to IT through the Balkans.
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Mediterranean Sea
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Austria-Hungary issued Serbia an __________.
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Ultimatum
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Austria-Hungary's ultimatum would have limited ____________.
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Serbia's independence
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In the first move of the war Austria Hungary declared war on ___________.
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Serbia
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Nation that supported Serbia
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Russia
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To get an army in position for war. (term)
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Mobilize
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Russia decided to mobilize early because it lacked ____________.
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railroads
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In German eyes Russia's mobilization amounted to a ____________.
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declaration of war
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Declared war on Russia.
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Germany
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When France promised to support Russia __________.
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Germany declared war on France
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Germany hoped to avoid fighting a _________.
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two front war
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German plan to defeat France before Russia could mobilize.
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Schlieffen Plan
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The Schlieffen Plan was intended to keep Germany from fighting a __________.
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two front war
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Germany requested passage to France through ______________.
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neutral Belgium
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When they refused Germany passage, Germany invaded __________.
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Belgium
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Germany invaded France through ___________.
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neutral Belgium
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It declared war on Germany because Germany had violated Belgium neutrality.
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Great Britain
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World War I began in ______. (year)
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1914
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turks and their allies. (what they were called)
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Central Powers
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France, Britain, Russia and their allies. (what they were called)
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Allies
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Allied victory that saved Paris. (early in the war)
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Battle of the Marne
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Allied victory that destroyed the Schlieffen Plan
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Battle of the Marne
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Made the defense stronger than the offense. (in warfare)
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Trench Warfare
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Made the fighting even more brutal. (in warfare)
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Trench Warfare
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As a result of trench warfare the war became a ____________.
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stalemate
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In a struggle where neither side can improve its position
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stalemate
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Played a major part in the deadlock and slaughter of trench warfare. (weapon)
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Machine Gun
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Choked and blinded victims. (weapon)
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Poison Gas
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The space between two sets of trenches.
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No-man's-land
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Most World War I soldiers were __________.
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draftees
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Both sides attempted to prevent the enemy from getting supplies. (method)
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blockades
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The Allies had a more effective blockade because of the ____________.
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British Navy
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To make their blockade more effective the Germans began to use ____________.
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Submarine Warfare
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Broke international law by not giving warning or taking passengers.
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Submarine Warfare
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British Luxury liner sunk by German Sub. (120 Americans die)
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Lusitania
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When countries mobilize all their resources into the war effort.
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Total War
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Used by governments to conserve supplies
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Rationing
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Using information to encourage a particular point of view.
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Propaganda
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Propaganda was used by _____________.
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both sides
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Were more effective in the use of propaganda.
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Allies
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Was the first of the major countries to become exhausted from total war.
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Russia
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Resulted in the setting up of a liberal government. (during World War I)
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First Russian Revolution (of 1917)
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After this event, this country still tried to continue fighting the war.
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First Russian Revolution
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Secret weapon shipped into Russia by the Germans.
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Vladimir Lenin
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Results in the setting up of a Communist Gov.
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Second Russian Revolution (of 1917)
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Communist Russia makes a separate peace with Germany.
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Treaty of Brest Litovsk
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Allows Germany to fight a one front war.
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Treaty of Brest Litovsk
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The area of contact between opposing sides in warfare.
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front
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To starve the allies in hopes of defeating them before America entered the war Germany resumed ______________.
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unrestricted submarine warfare
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Germany offered Mexico a part of the U.S. if it would join the war.
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Zimmerman Note
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and the Zimmerman note ________________.
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bring U.S. into the war
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Year of America's entrance into WWI.
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1917
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Year of both Russian Revolutions.
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1917
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Arabs seeking independence helped the allies fight against the _____________.
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Ottoman Turks
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Machine gun, tanks, submarines, airplanes, gas.
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new weapons of WWI
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New weapons and trench warfare turned WWI into a _____________.
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war of attrition
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When the winner in war is determined by who can continue to fight the longest.
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war of attrition
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Helps break the stalemate and bring an allied victory.
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U.S. entrance
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Ends the fighting after the Kaiser abdicated his throne.
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Armistice
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Date of the Armistice
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1918
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Russia and the defeated Central powers were not invited to the _____________.
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Paris Peace Conference
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Most influential man at the peace conference.
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Woodrow Wilson
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Leader of the American delegation to the peace conference
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Woodrow Wilson
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Wilson's goals for the war and peace plan after the war.
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Fourteen Points
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Included reduction of armaments, national self determination, end to secret alliances, and a League of Nations.
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Fourteen Points
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Attempting to draw boundaries around recognizable national groups.
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National Self Determination
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Was to support peace by solving conflict through negotiations.
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League of Nations
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It was based on the idea of collective security.
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League of Nations
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System in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all.
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Collective Security
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Wilson compromised on other points to secure the inclusion of the ______________.
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League of Nations
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The U.S. Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles because they thought the _________ would limit the war making powers of congress.
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League of Nations
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Placed total blame for the war on Germany
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Treaty of Versailles
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The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay ____________.
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reparations
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Payment for damages in a war.
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reparations
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The treaty of Versailles failed to create a lasting peace because it was ___________.
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too harsh on Germany
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The two Russian revolutions in 1917 were largely the result of the hardship caused by ___________.
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World War I
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The biggest mistake made by Czar Nicholas II.
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going to war
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Russian Czar overthrown by the revolution.
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Nicholas II
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After a revolution in 1905, Nicholas Ii approved the creation of a parliament called the _______.
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Duma
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Believed revolution against the Czar would be led by peasants.
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Social Revolutionaries
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Wanted to replace the czar with a democratic government.
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Social Revolutionaries
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Russian Marxists
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Social Democrats
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Believed revolution in Russia would come from urban workers.
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Social Democrats
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Social Democrats who believed the Industrial Revolution had to precede the workers revolt.
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Mensheviks
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Social Democrats who wanted a broadly based party.
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Mensheviks
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The Social Democrats were NOT _________.
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Democratic
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Social Democrats who believed the workers revolt could precede the Industrial Revolution.
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Bolsheviks
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Social Democrats who believed the Communist party should be an elite group of professional revolutionaries.
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Bolsheviks
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Leader of the Bolsheviks
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Vladimir Lenin
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Workers' councils organized in Russia in 1917.
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Soviets
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While Nicholas II was at the front he left control of Russia to ____________.
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Czarina Alexandra
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Czarina Alexandra was influenced by the mystic __________.
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Rasputin
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Nicholas II was forced to abdicate in February of 1917 by __________________.
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Bread Riots and Strikes in St. Petersburg
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After Nicholas II abdicated the Duma set up a _______________.
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Provisional Government
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Leader of the Provisional Government. (Russia)
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Alexander Kerensky
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In St. Petersburg the ________ was more powerful than the provisional government.
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Soviet
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The mistake of the provisional government was to ___________________. (Russia)
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continue the war
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Lenin's slogan.
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"Peace, Land, and Bread"
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Took over Government offices in October 1917. (Russia)
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Bolshevik Red Guards
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The second Russian Revolution of 1917 was a _____________.
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Coup d' etat
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Won a majority in the popular elections held in 1917.
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Social Revolutionaries
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When the Bolsheviks did not win a majority in the elections they ___________.
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closed the Assembly
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From 1918 to 1920 Russia was in __________.
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Civil War
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Those who fought against the Bolsheviks.
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White Army
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A mixture of: Czarists, Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks.
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White Army
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Leader of the Red Army.
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Leon Trotsky
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Won the Russian Civil War.
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Red Army
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Was supported by the Allies (including the U.S.) in the Russian Civil War.
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White Army
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The government established by Lenin and the Bolsheviks was ___________.
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Communist
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Brutal secret police force of the Bolheviks.
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Cheka
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Red Army officers were kept under close watch of _____.
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commissars
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Communist party officials.
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commissars
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In 1922, Lenin's communist government united much of the old Russian empire into the ____>
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Soviet Union
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/USSR
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Soviet Union
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According to the new Constitution of the Soviet Union all political power, resources, and means of production would belong to the _______.
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workers and peasants
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In reality in the Soviet Union the ______ held all of the power.
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Communist Party
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To help save the Soviet economy Lenin was forced to use some features of _______.
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capitalism
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Struggled for power after the death of Lenin.
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Trotsky and Stalin
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Took ruthless steps to win total power over the Soviet Union.
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Joseph Stalin
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In the 1900s much of Latin America's natural resources were controled by ______.
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investors from other countries
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In Latin America in the early 1900s most of the power was held by ______.
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Military leaders and wealthy land owners
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Large farms in Mexico worked by the peasants owned by the rich.
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haciendas.
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When dictator Porfirio Diaz left office in Mexico in 1911 the ______________ began.
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Mexican Revoltion
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He apporoved a new constitution that included land and labor reform when he was elected Mexico's president in 1917.
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Venustiano Carranza
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Made church land "the property of the nation," set a minimum wage and protected the right of workers' to strike in Mexico.
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Constitution of 1917
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Carranza's new government strengthened the government's control over the economy through ________.
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nationalization
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Government takeover of natural resources.
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nationalization
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Organized by the government it brings some stablity to Mexico by accomadating some desires of bussiness, military leaders, peasants and workers.
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PRI
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Institutional Revolutionary Party
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PRI
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Dominated Mexican politics from the 1930s until free elections in 2000.
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PRI
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Hurt Latin American economies as it did the rest of the world in the 1930s.
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Great Depression
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Became popular in Latin America as a result of the Great Depression.
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Economic Nationalism
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Home control of an economy.
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Economic Nationalism
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In Latin America in the 1930s it resulted in the rejection of Euoropean influences.
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Cultural Nationalism
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President Franklin Roosevelt's policy to stay out of Latin American politics.
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Good Neighbor policy
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In the 1900s controlled most of Africa and kept the best lands or themselves.
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Europeans
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From 1910 to 1940 blacks here lost the right to vote and were kept from certain jobs.
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South Africa
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The system of strict segregation that became law in South Africa in 1948.
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Apartheid
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A movement that called for the unity of Africans and those of African descent around the world.
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Pan-Africanism
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Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Dubois were leaders in the _______.
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Pan-African movement
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A movement in West Africa and the Carribbean, in which writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule.
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negritude movement
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Overthrew the Ottoman ruler and created the Republic of Turkey.
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Mustafa Kemel
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Mustafa Kemal worked to __________.
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modernize Turkey
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Inspired by Mustafa Kemal he overthrew the Persian shah and worked to modernize Persia/Iran.
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Reza Khan
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Both Mustafa Kemal & Reza Khan replaced Islamic traditions with _____________.
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Western ways
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Arab nationalism.
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Pan-Arabism
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Arabs had hoped to gain independence after World War I but felt betrayed when ______.
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French and British took control of their lands.
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Jewish Nationalist dreamed of a homeland in ________.
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Palestine
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To show support for European Jews, Britain issued the _______.
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Balfour Declaration
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A statement advocating a homeland for Jews in Palestine in 1917.
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Balfour Declaration
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In April of 1919, British soldiers killed and wounded hundreds of peaceful Indian protesteters.
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Amristar massacre
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Convinced Indians that their country should be independent of Britain.
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Amristar massacre
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For 20 years, he fought laws in South Africa that discriminated against Indians.
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Mohandas Gandhi
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Emerged as the leader of the Indian indpendence movement.
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Mohandas Gandhi
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Gandhi followed Henry David Thoreau's ideas of _______.
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civil disobedience
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The practice of not obeying unjust laws.
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civil disobedience
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Indians following Gandhi's nonviolent civil disobedience and British reactions slowly led to the British _______.
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giving some power to Indians
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When the Qing dynasty collapsed and Sun Yixian became president, China fell into chaos and __________.
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warlords battled for control
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Was issued by Japan during World War I in an attempt to give Japan control over China.
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Twenty-One Demands
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During the early 20th century China was weak and gave into many of _____.
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Japan's demands
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After World War I the allies gave Japan control over some former __________.
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German lands in China
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Was inspired by the Allies giving German lands in China to Japan.
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May Fourth Movement
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An intellectual movement to make China strong and to resist European imperialsm through the use of Western ideas.
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May Fourth Movement
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Encouraged by the Soviet Union some Chinese turned to ______.
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Marxism
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Nationalist party in China
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Guomindang
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Leader of the Guomindang from the late 1920s until 1949.
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Jiang Jieshi
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Chiang Kai-Shek
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Jiang Jieshi
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Used the help of the Chinese communists to crush the warlords.
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Jiang Jieshi
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In the middle of his campaign against the warlords he turned on the communists and slaughtered many of them.
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Jiang Jieshi
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Becomes the leader of the Chinese Communists by seeking the support of the peasant masses.
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Mao Zedong
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A trek of 6000 miles by Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong to relocate their power base.
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The Long March
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The Guomindang under the leadership of Jiang Jieshi attacked the communists throughout the _____.
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Long March
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The Guomindang fought the Communists in a 22 year ______.
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Civil War
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Invaded China in 1937.
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Japan
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Because of the invasion Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong formed an alliance until the ________.
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Japanese threat ended
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Because of exports to the Allies Japan's economy grew during ______.
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World War I
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Became emperor of Japan in 1926.
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Hirohito
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During the 1920s Japan had a more ______.
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Liberal/democratic government
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A group of business leaders who manipulated politicians.
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Zaibatsu
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Were angry with the government of Japan for giving into Western demands and for accepting payoffs from the Zaibatsu
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Military leaders and ultranationalists
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Blew up railroad tracks in Manchuria and blamed it on the Chinese as an excuse to invade Manchuria.
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Japanese Militarists
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Increased their power in Japan throughout the 1930s.
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Military leaders and Ultranationalists
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In 1940 it signed an agreement with Italy and Germany to form the Axis Powers.
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Japan
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