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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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heart attack
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reduction of blood supplied by coronary arteries; death of cardiac tissue
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angina pectoris
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narrowing of coronary arteries; intermittent chest pain usually precipitated by physical exertion
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arrhythmia
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abnormal rhythm of heart due to development of new pacemakers - sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
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Congestive heart failure
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heart does not function adequately as a pump
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Heart valve stenosis and regurgitation
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damage to heart valves leading to narrowing and/or regurgitation (leaking)
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Cerebrovascular Stroke
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generally occlusions of arteries leading to the brain
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Vascular Diseases
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largely refers to vessels beyond heart/brain. Arteriosclerosis - Embolism, Aneurysm
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Cardiac Glycosides
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Structure: Sugar + steroidal nucleus & lactone ring
Action: inhibits Sodium/Potassium pump; Increases cardiac output; Increases work capacity of heart w/o increase in oxygen consumption; Decreases heart rate; Decreases arterial resistance |
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Ouabain
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(g-strophanthin) isolated from plants has been used by scientists in in vitro studies to specifically block the sodium pump. The compound is no longer widely used for the treatment of human heart failure
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Scillaren A
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hydrolyzed to glucose, rhamnose and the steroid aglycone scillaridin A, which has the same actions and uses as hydrolysed digitalis glycosides
-Squill & Sea Onion |
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Scillaren B
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a mixture of cardiac glycosides
-Squill & Sea Onion |
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Convallatoxin
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Similar to digitalis glycosides; upon hydrolysis it yields strophanthidin and rhamnose
-Lily of the Valley, monarch butterfly, milkweed bug |
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Reserpine
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antihypertensive - Blocks the vesicular monoamine transporter of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine; This prevents entry to vesicles and subsequent release into synaptic cleft;
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The unprotected neurotransmitters are then metabolized.
-snakewood |
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Reserpine
ACTION |
Antihypertensive-Acts on sympathetic nervous system; depletes norepinephrine (lowers heart output & relaxes vessels); Acts on CNS as a depressant (tranquilizing);
-Rarely used in management of hypertension today. |
Side effects: severe depression, lowers body temperature & heart rate, drowsiness, decrease in saliva & gastric secretions, hypotension, mental confusion
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Steroidal Alkaloids
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-Hellebore
Action: sensitizes afferent (sensory) receptors to send more impulses to vasomotor centers in brain stem; lowers blood pressure, heart action, & respiration); |
Side effects: also sensitizes nausea & vomit receptors
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Ephedrine / Pseudoephedrine
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-ephedra - antihypotensive Action: acts like epinephrine on sympathetic (adenergic) receptors
constricts blood vessels (increasing blood pressure) increases cardiac output relaxes bronchiolar muscles stimulates CNS |
Side effects: high blood pressure, headaches, insomnia, anxiety, dizziness, convulsions, arrhythmia, death
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs
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Action: acts through atrioventicular node to suppress abnormal rhythms, prevents fibrillation
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digitoxin, digoxin, lanatoside C, ouabain, K-strophanthin, quinine, quinidine
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Antianginal Drugs
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Action: coronary vasodilators (increase blood oxygen-carrying blood supply to heart)
Nitroglycerin (acts in 2 minutes, eliminated in 15 minutes) |
papaverine (opium), aminophylline (tea), reserpine (snakewood), atropine (belladona), khellin
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Khellin
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-Ammi visnaga
Has lipophilic properties and causes vasodilation. Used in Egyptian medicine. It is not widely used as a medication because it is difficult to absorb and causes a range of undesirable side effects such as dizziness, headache, gastrointestinal disorders and nausea. |
Analogs (e.g. aminodazone) have been developed which reduce side effects.
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Anticoagulant Drugs
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Courmarin compounds – various species, including many Fabaceae
Action: vitamin K antagonists |
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Diuretic Drugs
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Xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline) Action: increases urinary excretion of water, sodium, and potassium - Potassium must be replaced
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Anticholesterol Compounds: fenugreek
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Evidence that it lowers LDL and total blood cholesterol and increases HDL.It has been used to increase milk production in lactating females.
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Anticholesterol Compounds: Ram's Horn
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Used in herbal medicine to reduce blood sugar, lower LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.
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Anticholesterol Compounds:
cat’s-claw |
Allegedly lowers total cholesterol; increases circulation and reduces heart rate.
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Anticholesterol Compounds: other plants
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ginger, green tea, garlic, turmeric, Asian ginseng
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