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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Refers to the study of organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye. |
Microbiology |
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MICROORGANISMS -are _______________. They can be found everywhere on earth in great quantites. - some are harmful (______________) - They are also so ________! |
UBIQUITOUS PATHOGENIC small |
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Enumerate the 6 branches of Microbiology |
Bacteriology Virology Mycology Protozoology Rickettsiology Parasitology |
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Studies bacteria an example of prokaryotic organism |
Bacteriology |
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the scientific study of virus,an acellular entity that contains either DNA or RNA but never both and uses the cellular machinery of living organisms to survive. |
Virology |
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The scientific study of fungi (yeast and mold) |
Mycology |
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focuses on the study of protozoans, the simples and most primitive forms of animal life. |
Protozoology |
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Study of rickettsiae, which are considered transitional organisms between bacteria and viruses. |
RICKETTSIOLOGY |
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Field that study parasites, organisms that live on and obtain their nutrients from another organism. |
PARASITOLOGY |
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Enumerate the (9) parts in a bacterial cell structure |
1.Cell membrane 2.Cell Wall 3.Ribosomes 4.Nucleoid 5.Capsule 6.Pili 7.Flagellum 8.Spores 9.Inclusion Bodies/Metachromatic Granules -Cell Appendages -Plasmids
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the lipoprotein layer that surrounds the cytoplasm |
Cell membrane |
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-the semi-rigid casing that provides structural shape and support to the cell. |
Cell Wall |
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-the hair-like proteinaceous structure that extends from the cell membrane into the external environment. |
Pili |
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the structure that allows the bacteria to move. |
Flagellum |
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the outer layer of the bacterium thay resists cellular phagocytosis and dessication. |
Capsules |
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the site of protein synthesis, they give the cytoplasm a granular structure |
Ribosomes |
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_______ are examples of prokaryotic organisms. |
Bacteria |
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______________ generally lack a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, or other membranous organelle. |
Bacteria |
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The region where the DNA ( the cell's genetic material) is concentrated |
Nucleoid |
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The structures that allow the bacteria to resist the sterilization process, making them viable over time. |
Spores |
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The food reserves of bacteria. |
Inclusion bodies |
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Enumerate the orientation of flagella (katong lima) |
-Atrichous -Monotrichous -Amphitrichous -Lophotrichous -Peritrichous |
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Absence of flagellum; non motile |
Atrichous |
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One polar flagellum; usually exhibits darting motility |
Monotrichous |
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Single flagellum on both ends |
Amphitrichous |
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Tuft of flagella on either end or both ends |
Lophotrichous |
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flagella is around the organisms |
Peritrichous |
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Enumerate the things under Bacterial Growth and Metbolism (katong 5) |
-Oxygen -Carbon Dioxide -Nutrients -Temperature -Hydrogen and ion concentration |
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? |
Atrichous |
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? |
Amphitrichous |
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? |
Peritrichous |
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? |
Monotrichous |
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? |
Lophotrichous |
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-largest family of bacteria - mostly pathogens |
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE |
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________ is developed by Hans Christian Gram. |
Gram Staining |
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Who developed Gram Staining? |
Hans Christian Gram |
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What are the 2 major classification of bacteria? |
Gram + Gram - |
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NSS stands for? |
Normal Saline Solution |
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Enumerate the liquids/stains used in Gram Staing |
Crystal violet (primary stain) Iodine (mordant) Alcohol (Decolorizer Safranin Red (Counterstain) |
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The Primary Stain in Gram Staining |
Crystal Violet |
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-This stain strengthen the binding or penetraiting of color. -Mordant |
Iodine |
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Decolorizer |
Alcohol |
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Counterstain |
Safranin Red |
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Primary stain ( e identify unsa ilang color) Gram+ ____________ Gram - ___________ |
purple purple |
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Iodine ( e identify ilang color) Gram + ________________ Gram -________________ |
purple purple |
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Alcohol ( e identify unsa ilang ma color) Gram + _________ Gram - _________ |
purple colorless |
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Safranin Red ( e identify ilang color) Gram + _________ Gram - ___________ |
purple red or pink |
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-This classification of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall. -has thechoic acid. |
Gram + |
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-has thin layer of peptidoglycan sa cell wall-has lipopolysaccharide sa outer membrane |
Gram - |
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organisms that need 5%-10% carbon dioxide to live are called _____________ ? |
Capnophilic |
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_________ is used for converting energy. |
Oxygen |
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with oxygen |
Aerobes |
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without oxygen |
Anaerobes |
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requires oxygen pero gamay ra
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Microaerophilic |
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kinahanglan NAA gyuy oxygen
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Obligate Aerobes |
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neutral, mabuhi ug naa or walay oxygen
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Facultative Aerobes |
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kinahanglan WALA juy oxygen |
Obligate Anaerobes |
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neutral, naa or wala ang oxygen mabuhi ra gihapon. |
Facultative Anaerobes |
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The proper ___________ elements must be available since microorganisms differ in food requirement. |
Nutrient |
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Enumerate the following nutritional types of microorganisms |
a. Autotrophsb. heterotrophsc. Phototrophsd. Chemotrophs |
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an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals. |
Autotroph |
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an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients. |
heterotrophs |
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can make their own energy using light and carbon dioxide via photosynthesis |
Phototrops |
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class of organisms that obtain their energy through the oxidation of inorganic molecules. ex. mushrooms |
Chemotrophs |
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enumerate the classification of temperature
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Psychrophile/Cryophile Mesophile Thermophile Hyperthermophile |
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0°C - 15°C
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Psychrophile/Cryophile |
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20°C-45°C
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Mesophile |
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50°C-60°C
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Thermophile |
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80°C-113°C |
Hyperthermophile |
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acid (0 - 5.5 pH) |
Acidophile |
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neutral (5.5 - 8.0 pH) |
Neutrophile |
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alkaline (8.5 - 11.5 pH)base/basic |
Alkalophile |
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The 3 classification of pH chcuhu |
Acidophile Neutrophile Alkalophile |
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-a technique used if kuntahay capnophilic ni nga bacteria tas ang usa kay di |
Candle Jar Technique |
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enumerate abg organisms na gi example sa capnophilic or capnophile na bacteria. |
Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria gonorrhoeae Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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capnophilic organisms needs ____-_____ % of carbon dioxide |
5 -10% |
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example bacteria in psychrophile/cryophile |
Listeria monocytogenes |
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mostly pathogenic bacteria grows in this temperature |
Mesophile |
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example bacterian in Thermophile |
Bacillus stearothermophilis |
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example bacteria in Hyperthermophile |
Sulfolobus |
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example bacteria in Acidophile |
Sulfolobus |
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Example bacteria in Neutrophile |
Escherichia coli |
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example bacteria in alkalophile |
Vibrio cholera |
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2 types of stain |
Simple stain Differential staiin |
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AST stands for ? |
Antibiotic Susceptible Test |
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Only one stain is used and all structures present are stained with the same color. |
Simple stain |
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-Used to distinguish between groups of bacteria. -Used to differentiate various types of bacteria that have similar morphologic features. |
Differential Stain |
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Methylene Blue Stain is what type of stain? |
Simple stain |
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Gram Staining is what type of stain? |
Differential stain |
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-A test that provides a clinician with therapeutic guidelines.-Indicates which antibiotic is effective in killing the bacteria that has caused the infection or disease. |
Antibiotic Susceptible Test |
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Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test is also known as? |
( Kirby-Bauer Method) |
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yields qualitative results |
Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test |
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Kirby-Bauer Method is also known as? |
Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test |
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What is used to get the colony in the culture? |
Inoculating Loop |
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After e mix ang NSS and colony where man e compare ang solution? |
0.5 McFarland |
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what are the 2 types of Antimicrobial Assays |
Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Broth Dilution Susceptibility Test |
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Yields quantitative results |
Broth Dilution Susceptibility Test |
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The lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that inhibits bacterial growth. |
Minimal inhibitory concentration |
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-The lowest antibiotic concentration that results in 99.9% death of bacterial population.-Determines the efficacy and ability of the agent to kill the organism, or whether the agent is bactericidal. |
Minimal bactericidal concentration |
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Are drugs that are administered to either kill bacteria (bactericides) or inhibit their growth by preventing reproduction. |
ANTIBIOTICS |
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TYPES OF ANTIBIOTICS |
Bacteriostatic antibiotics Bactericidal antibiotics |
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agents that only inhibit microorganism growth in vitro that can kill standardized inocula of bacteria at high concentration. |
Bacteriostatic antibiotics |
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- lethal to standardized inocula at clinically achievable concentrations.- Kill the bacteria |
Bactericidal antibiotics |
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Refers to any organism that depends on another organism for shelter and nourishment. |
Parasites |
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Is an organism that supports the parasite. (gipuy-an sa parasites) |
Host |
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2 types of host |
Definitive host Intermediate host |
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it harbors the adult stage of the parasite |
Definitive host |
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it harbors the larval (asexual) form. |
Intermediate host |
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Refers to the manner of how a parasite successfully enter a susceptible host. It may include ingestion, inhalation, breastfeeding, insect bite, or sexual transmission. |
Mode of transmission |
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Are disease-causing parasites and may require medical attention. |
Pathogenic parasites |
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“commensal”Parasites that do not harm the host. |
Non-pathogenic parasites |
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Like lice and fleas that thrive externally on host. |
Ectoparasites |
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Synonymous with infestation. |
Ectoparasitism |
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Ectoparasitism synonym _________ |
infestation |
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Parasites found inside the body of an infected host. |
Endooparasites |
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Synonymous to infection. |
Endoparasitism |
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Endoparasitism synonym _________ |
infection |
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Refers to the increase in eosinophil count in blood and is usually associated with parasitism.
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Eosinophilia |
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acts as cellular protectors against parasites. |
Eosinophils |
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pila ka percent ang plasma? |
55% |
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pila ka percent ang formed elements? |
45% |
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shape of rbc |
Biconcave disc |
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pH level of RBC |
pH7.35 - 7.45 |
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bright red |
Arterial blood |
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dark red |
Venous blood |
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low number of erythrocytes. |
anemia |
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also known as erythrocytes |
Red blood cells |
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high number of erythrocytes.
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Polycythemia |
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Mobile blood cells.Produced in the bone marrow by stem cells similar to rbc.
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WBC |
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Defend the body against infection.
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WBC |
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Formed elements in Blood |
RBC WBC Platelets Plasma |
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means you have a high white blood cell count. |
Leukocytosis |
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indicates a decrease in WBC in your body. |
Leukocytopenia |
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is a condition that occurs when the platelet count in your blood is too low. |
Thrombocytopenia |
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involves having an elevated level of platelets in your blood. |
Thrombocytosis |
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Release chemicals that cause clots to form in the blood. |
Platelets |
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platelets is also known as? |
Thrombocytes |
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A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the blood. (if decrease tanan) |
Pancytopenia |
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Determine values of the cells. |
Complete blood count |
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Specifical count the values of different WBC. |
WBC Differential Count |
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(total WBC Count) |
WBC count |
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Determine the value of hemoglobin. |
Cyanmethemoglobin Method |
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used to dilute the blood |
Drabkin's Reagent |
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Packed red cell volume. |
Hematocrit |
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Used for microscopic examination of blood cells. |
Peripheral Blood Smear |
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in peripheral Blood smear what dye is used? |
Romanowsky Dye |
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determine inflammation |
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate |
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what does ESR mean |
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate |
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PT and APTT |
Prothrombin Time Activated Partal Thromboplastin Time |