Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Example of an organism that is invasive
|
Syphilis
|
|
Example of two organisms that produce toxins but are not invasive
|
Tetanus and Botulism
|
|
What are the 6 vectors that carry an organism?
|
Fingers, flies, fomites, food, phlegm, and fun
|
|
Difference between an active/passive vector
|
An active vector has the disease but a passive/mechanical vector only carries the organism.
|
|
What are reservoirs of infections?
|
Active biologic vectors that not only transmit disease but provide a place of growth and survival for the microbe.
|
|
Examples of active biologic vectors:
|
bats-rabies
mosquitoes-malaria rats and prairie dogs- black plague |
|
Are fomites reservoirs of infection or sources? Give examples.
|
They can serve as both.
Reservoir of infection- soil serves as reservoir for athlete's foot and anthrax Source-needles have Hepatitis B |
|
Oligodynamic properties
|
Property of metal coins in which a chemical is released to inhibit the growth of G+ bacteria.
|
|
Length of aerosol created by: coughing
sneezing talking |
sneezing- 1 hour
coughing-30 minutes talking-6 minutes |
|
ID50
|
infectious dose required to infect 50% of the population
|
|
Portal of entry for clostridium tetani
|
Through puncture wound so has no effect if it ingested
|
|
Portal of entry for salmonella typhi
|
Causes severe disease when ingested. If it is recieved through a puncture wound, a minor infection results.
|
|
dermatophytes
State examples. |
can gain access through hair follicles. Molds and staphylococcus.
|
|
Bacterial/viral organisms that cause infection through respiratory tract as portal of entry
|
Bacterial: TB, haemophilis, pneumonia
Viral: Flu, cold, small pox, measles |
|
Organisms that cause infection through digestive tract as portal of entry
|
E.Coli, Salmonella, Dysentery, Cholera, Hepatitis A and Polio
|
|
Genito-urinary tract infections
|
STDs, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Streptococci (strep agalactae), and staphylococci.
|
|
Placental infections
|
Syphilis, Taxoplasmosis, AIDS, Hep B, Chlamydia, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex 1 and 2
|
|
Period of incubation for:
1.Cold/flu 2.TB 3.Leprosy 4.AIDS 5.acute childhood infections (measles,mumps, chicken pox) 6.rabies |
1.1-2 days
2.6 months 3. 2-5 years 4.avg 8 years 5.1-3 weeks 6.1-2 months |
|
ID50 for:
Salmonella Anthrax TB |
100,000
8,000 to 10,000 10 |
|
sub-clinical dose
|
Even though a person may be infected with a disease and can transmit it, symptoms do not show b/c virulence decreased or resistance increased
|
|
Invasive and toxic
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
Exaltation
|
increasing the virulence of an organism by passing it from one host to another
|
|
Attenuation
|
decreasing the virulence of an organism by exposure to high temp, drying, chemicals, and lab media
|
|
Acute sicknesses
|
flu, cold, hep C
|
|
Septicemia
|
pathogenic organisms in blood
|
|
organisms that cause pyemia
|
staphylococci and streptococci
|
|
Sapremic examples
|
Failure to remove the whole placenta after childbirth
Gas gangrene |
|
Organisms with hyaluronidase
|
clostridium perforinges
streptococcus pyogenes |
|
Organisms with collagenase
|
clostridium perforinges
|
|
Organisms that are leucocidans
|
Staphylococci and streptococci
|
|
Endotoxins
|
produced by all gram negative bacteria b/c it's part of the cell wall
released by dead bacteria pyogenic and pyrogenic not heat labile |
|
Extotoxins
|
produced by G+ bacteria
specific |
|
Organisms that produce endotoxin and enterotoxins
|
Staph aureus, salmonella, cholera, and shigella
|
|
Diseases specified w/ humans only
|
Smallpox, typhoid, coxsackie's
|
|
how many diseases are transferrable b/w humans and animals?
|
250 diseases like salmonella and rabies
|
|
Duffy factor
|
on the suface of red blood cells. if nonexistent, malaria can't develop b/c it can't get into the cells
|
|
complement
|
proteins that help antibodies identify bacteria and virus as foreign by attaching to them so body recognizes them as foreign
|
|
Transient flora
|
organisms that are not normally on your skin
|
|
Residents flora
|
normally on your skin. secrete fatty acids
antimicrobial |
|
How does stomach act as a natural barrier?
|
It produces HCl.
inhibits microbial growth Has a thick walled mucous |
|
How do the eyes protect itself?
|
Tears have lysozymes and ImmunoGobulinA that inhibit G+ growth
|
|
Neutrophils
|
granulocytes. most of wbc count. phagocytosis. pus is dead microbes and neutrophils
|
|
Easinophils
|
Has lysozymes. Produces toxins against large eukaryotic parasites (fungi, helminthes)
|
|
Basophils
|
granulocyte. Produces histamines and heparin. Takes part in inflammation and allergic reactions.
|
|
Histamine
|
basil(blood vessel) dilators
allows more blood flow to an area for swelling |
|
Heparin
|
anti-coagulant (prevents blood from clotting)
|
|
What causes easinophilia
|
Fungal, helminthes infections
|
|
What causes neutrophilia
|
acute bacterial infections such as staph and strep
|
|
what causes neutropenia?
|
typhoid, TB, influenza, measles (MITT), sulfa drugs, radiation,and chloramphenical
|
|
What causes lymphopenia?
|
AIDS
|
|
wandering/fixed macrophages
|
wandering macrophages circulate in blood until a disease is phagocytosed.
fixed macrophages are histocytes that go into the RES/MPS or lymph drainage system |
|
B lymphocytes
|
are responsible for blood (humoral) immunity in which antibody production results
|
|
T lymphocytes
|
responsible for cell mediated immunity which regulates amount of antibodies
|
|
signs of inflamation
|
redness, edema, heat, pain
|
|
types of swelling
|
serous-clear (recent wounds to dilute toxins)
purulent-pus. WBC fight infection fibrinogen- clotting-localizes infection |
|
Interferons
|
proteins with uncertain function/quantity
suppress/inhibit expression of some cancer genes |
|
alpha type I interferons
|
activate natural killer cells
|
|
beta type I
|
interferons that help in the maturation of B and T lymphocytes
|
|
Gamma type II
|
interferons that activate macrophages
|
|
Lacroferrin and transoferrin
|
proteins that bind to iron as a bacterial growth inhibitor so bacteria cant use the iron
|
|
Reservoir for Mycobacterium Bovis
|
Cows
|
|
MOTT
|
mycobacterium other than tubercle bacullis: kansasii and aviam. more resistant than TB and doesn't cause infection in healthy ppl
|
|
Primary TB
|
pulmonary, most common. spreads through lymphatic system.
|
|
miliay TB
|
skin lesions resemble millet seeds
|
|
extrapulmonary TB
|
TB enters blood stream to other body parts and causes lesions on organs and body
|
|
Osseous TB
|
In bones. rare
|
|
Diagnosis of active/latent TB by:
sputum spear culture x-rays skin test |
sputum-active
culture-active x-rays-active and latent skin test-active |
|
Tine Test
|
4 prongs with OT or PPD serve as antigens that detect for TB antibodies
|
|
Mantoux Test
|
An ID injection of antigents with .1ml water and .1ml PPD
|
|
Diameters of the mantoux test indicate?
|
5-9mm + if immunocompromised or in household contact
10-14mm + if foreign born, diabetic, IV drug user, long term care facility resident 15mm + for ALL |
|
What explains a false negative for a skin test?
|
The tuberculin anergy- antigen doesn't attract the attention of the antibodies b/c they are fighting the active TB
|
|
PCR
|
Gene probes that test for TB that don't give false negatives but is more expensive.
|
|
What factors lead to false positive TB skin test?
|
Another bacteria in immunocompromised patient or if the patient is vaccinated.
|
|
What other steps must be taken after a positive skin test?
|
sputum smear and culture
|
|
What is the DOC for TB?
|
Isoniazid (INH); can also be used as a prophylaxis
|
|
Rifater
|
Isoniazid
Rifampin Pyrazindamide |
|
What other drug is initially used with Rifater while doing TB susceptibility tests?
|
Ethambutol or Streptomycin
|
|
Rifamate
|
INH and Rifampin
given for two months after drug susceptibility tests |
|
What is the drug therapy for TB after an acid fast stain:
negative positive |
negative-rifamate for another 4 months
positive-rifamate for another 7 months |
|
What is MDR TB?
|
TB that is resistant to IH and Rifampin
|
|
BCG
|
Bacillus of Calmetle and Guerin Vaccine for Mycobacterium bovis.
|
|
What is XDR TB?
|
TB that is resistant to INH, RIfampin, floroquinolone, and injectable imnoglycoside.
|
|
Diphtheria
|
Produces exotoxins(toxemic). Causes heart problems and forms a pseudo membrane in the throat and nasopharynx
|
|
Active immunization
|
vaccines such as DTP and DTaP that injects antigens into body to produce antibodies
|
|
Passive immunization
|
Placing antibodies directly in body.
|
|
DOC for Diphtheria
|
Erythromycin
|
|
Diphtheria Anti-Toxin (DAT)
|
diphtheria antibodies from horse that destroy toxin and then are destroyed by the patient's immune system
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
G+
Low G&C ratio opportunist some produce TSST1 food toxicity |
|
self-limiting disease
|
goes away without treatment usually in 24 hours
|
|
Staph food poisoning
|
Vomiting and diarrhea
Toxin is not heat labile Causes illness in 3-8 hrs symptoms appear in 1-6 hrs No antibiotics needed |
|
Difference between food infection/food toxicity
|
food infection is when the growing microbe is consumed
food toxicity is the release of toxin by dead bacteria |
|
Beta-hemolytic
+ coagulase test DOC: oxacillin/cloxacillin |
Staph Aureus
|
|
Doc/Alt for MRSA
|
Vancomycin, Zyvox(linezoid), or bactrim(trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole), Minacycline, Doxycycline
|
|
Streptococcal pharyngitis
|
rhinitis/sinitis (runny nose)
droplet infection 1-3 days incubations strep sore throat in tonsil |
|
Scarlatina
|
Scarlet Fever
Desquamations strep pyogenes hgih fever, red rash, sore throat |
|
Complications of scarlet fever
|
mastoiditis, nephritis, otitis media infection/ hearing loss,bacteremia, multiple organ failure
|
|
puerperal sepsis
|
childbirth fever
strep pyogenes non suppurative sequelae causes bacteremia |
|
rheumatic fever
|
1-2 wks. strep pyogenes
causes fever,polyarthritis, heart valve damage Aschoff bodies form |
|
hypersensitivity reaction
|
When microbe dies, it leaves behind protein so body produces antibodies that destroy the body's proteins
|
|
Prophylactics against rheumatic fever
|
Pen G monthly injection
Pen V take orally/month If allergic to Pen, take sulfisoxazole/mth |
|
Early onset form of strep agalactiae
|
newborn is sick w/in few days. pneumonia and septicemia
|
|
late onset form of strep agalactiae
|
newborn is sick few weeks after birth. menignitis sx mental retardation, blinding, deafening, cerebral palsy
|
|
treatment of strep agalactiae
|
Pen G and ampicillin
|
|
Contagious impetigo
|
Staph aureus or strep pyogenes
Crusty sores around mouth |
|
Causees of meningitis
|
1.streptococcus pneumonia
2.neisseria meningitis 3.haemophilus influenza |
|
Strep mitior
|
viridans
found in oral cavity causes endocarditis (damages heart/valves) |
|
Strep mutans
|
opportunistic strep
May cause endocarditis Turns sugar into acid/causes dental cavities. |
|
Enterococcus faecalis
|
Feces live in GI
Resistant to vancomycin Can cause endocarditis/UTI G+ spore forming rods, G+ cocci, chains in broth |
|
Clostridium vs. Bacillus
|
They're both G+, form spores.
Clostridium is anaerobic and Bacillus is aerobic |
|
Clostridium Botulinum
|
food toxin(heat/age labile)
Type A is most dangerous (neurotoxin) Doesn't grow in high acid food |
|
Symptoms of Botulism
|
18-36 hours
No vomiting/diarrhea Blurred visions Paralyzes muscles |
|
Treatment of Botulism
|
Respirator(toxin wears 1-2day)
Antitoxin for Types A,B,E No antibiotics b/c just toxins |
|
Wound botulism
|
local infection
Caused by black tar heroin Pen G. |
|
Infant botulism
|
spores in honey & corn sytrup in baby food
baby dies of toxins b/c it doesn't have normal flora to fight infection |
|
Clostridium tetani
|
found in feces & soil
Neurotoxin/exotoxin Unvoluntary muscle contraction (lockjaw/stop breathing) |
|
DOC for tetanus
|
Flagyl(metronidazole)
respirator/muscle relaxants/antitoxins (TIG&TAT) |
|
TIG
|
Tetanus Immuno Globulin
human origin less side reactions antitoxin |
|
TAT
|
Tetanus AntiToxin
horse(equine) origin alt. to TIG |
|
Vaccination for Tetanus
|
DPT, DPaT, Tdap, TD
|
|
What do vaccines contain?
|
antigen which allows body to produce antibodies against bacteria.
|
|
toxoid
|
antigen
|
|
DPT
|
diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine absorbed
active vaccine/capitalized b/c it's a high dose |
|
TD
|
tetanus diphtheria toxoids
11-12 yr olds. persistent cough |
|
Which vaccine cannot be given to adults b/c of its high dose of live bacteria?
|
DPaT Diptheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine
|
|
Clostridium perforinges
|
Gas gangrene; anaerobic; comes out of feces (GI tract)
gas rots tissues |
|
DOC for Gas gangrene
|
Pen. G
|
|
Clostridium dificile
|
Normal flora in intestinal tract but antibiotics like ampicilin kills it.
colon inflammation |
|
Treatment for antibiotic associated colitis:
mild severe |
mild-stop antibiotics
severe-take flagyl (metronidazole) |
|
Anthrax
|
Bacillus anthracis
Cutaneous and pulmonary form |
|
cutaneous vs. pulmonary anthrax
|
pulmonary is very deadly. DOC is ciprofloxacin
cutaneous has necrotic tissue/looks like gas gangrene |
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
Causes walking pneumonia
|
|
DOCs for mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline.
|