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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
is an ecological relationship between two different species that live together in direct contact |
symbiosis |
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is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit, like endosymbiosis, or human gut microbes |
Mutualism |
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is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped |
Commensalism |
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is the collection of bacteria, fungi, and archaea that lives on and in the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, in the mouth, in saliva, and in the conjunctiva of the eye |
The human microbiota |
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is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other, like viruses, pathogenic bacteria, and worms |
Parasitism |
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A parasite that lives on the host and feeds on cell components, tissues, or body fluids |
(ectoparasite) |
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A parasite that lives inside the host and feeds on cell components, tissues, or body fluids or inside |
endoparasite |
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is a disorder of the structure, function, or biochemistry of an organism or part of an organism |
Disease |
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is the study of the causes of disease, while virulence is the degree of pathogenicity |
Pathology |
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chronic diseases due to genetic factors, aging, behavior, exposure to chemicals like |
Non-communicable diseases |
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The result of living agents developing and multiplying in body of host like bacteria, viruses, and fungi |
Infectious diseases |
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is something that causes infectious disease |
pathogen |
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is the potential for a pathogen to cause disease (qualitative) |
Pathogenicity |
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the degree of pathogenicity (quantitative) |
Virulence |
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how pathogens are transferred from host to host and can be vertical or horizontal |
Transmission |
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Four criteria that were established to identify the causative agent of a particular disease, these include: the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal the pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen |
Kock's postulate |
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Horizontal transmission via GI tract |
Fecal -Oral: |
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Horizontal transmission via respiratory tract: coughing, sneezing, touch |
Respiratory: |
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Horizontal transmission via: wounds, insect bites, blood transfusions , placenta, IV drugs, sexual. Sexual: via genitourinary tract: |
Blood-borne |
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Horizontal transmission : via fomites (inanimate objects) e.g. soil, rusty nails |
Contact |
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is a person, animal, or microbe that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen |
vector |
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: Arthropod carries pathogen on feet |
Mechanical transmission |
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Pathogen reproduces in vector |
Biological transmission |
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____Vectors are common such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes |
Arthropod vectors |
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Disease occurs at rates higher than expected |
Epidemic: |
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Disease exists at a low/expected rate |
Endemic: |
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: More than one continent and rates higher than expected |
Pandemic |
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are subjective like pain and malaise |
Symptoms |
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are objective like fever, rash, and paralysis |
Signs |
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The__________ is the time between exposure and the onset of symptoms |
incubation period |
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The_________is the time between exposure and communicability |
latent period |
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symptomatic; mild to severe |
Clinical infection: |
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asymptomatic, may be a chronic or latent infection, incubation period |
Subclinical infection: |
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: rapid onset, obvious signs & symptoms, body able to eliminate quickly |
Acute infection |
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: may be without obvious signs & symptoms, body unable to eliminate quickly; may last years |
Chronic infection |
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inactive for long periods, e.g. herpes simplex |
Latent infection: |
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: healing time - may or may not be contagious |
Convalescence |
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- source of infection for others; often asymptomatic e.g. prolonged shedding of virus in feces or saliva during convalescence |
Carriers |
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contagious; |
Communicable: |
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: not contagious |
Non-communicable |
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pathogen spread throughout the body |
Systemic infection: |
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: confined to a small part of the body |
Local infection |
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: presence and multiplication of pathogens in blood |
Septicemia |
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presence but not multiplication in blood |
Viremia, bacteremia: |
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follows (result of) primary infectionE.g. Flu followed by bronchitis |
Secondary infection: |
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: only small percentage infected develop symptoms, e.g. poliovirus |
Iceberg Concept |
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_______is the study of all factors regarding occurrence of a disease such as: Entry - explosive/mild; winter/summer; earthquake/floods Appears - who is stricken; children/men/women/profession How spread - vectors or animals Fluctuations or cycles How it recedes and disappears |
Epidemiology |
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A ________ is a source of an infectious agent Soil, water: tetanus, hepatitis A Animals: rodents and fleas in bubonic plague Humans: AIDS, gonorrhea, typhoid fever |
reservoir of infection |
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is the sum of the factors that come together to cause non-communicable and infectious diseases. It’s the causes of disease |
Etiology |
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First case of a disease to be identified and reported Source of the infection for the community |
Index case: |
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: conducted in the present, during outbreak Number of cases, location and geographic distribution, segment of the population affected, serological surveys - antibodies to infection |
Prospective studies |
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: conducted after the fact |
Retrospective studies |
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A ______is an infectious disease of animals that can be naturally transmitted to humans. |
zoonosis |
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(number of deaths) |
Mortality rate |
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(number of illnesses) Number of cases within a specified time period/population size in which cases occurred times 1000 or 100,000 |
Morbidity rate |
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one person to another |
Horizontal transmission: |
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mother to unborn or nursing child |
Vertical transmission: |
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: % immune to infection If high, # of new cases will be low If low, # new cases will be high |
Herd immunity |
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hospital acquired infections |
Nosocomial infections: |
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_____ is the joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other It can occur at the species level or the molecular level It can occur in predator/prey, host/parasite, and mutualistic relationships |
Co-evolution |
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Epithelial surfaces such as mouth, eyes, nose, respiratory tract, GI tract, anus, genitourinary tract: vagina, urethra |
Portals of entry |
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are cell surface components that allow adherence to surfaces or other cells |
Adhesins |