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33 Cards in this Set
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(ANUG) Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
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a polymicrobial infection of the gums leading to inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration and necrotic gum tissue. Symptoms include fever and halitosis.
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aflatoxin
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naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known The native habitat of Aspergillus is in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration
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antibody
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(also known as immunoglobulins[1], abbreviated Ig) are gamma globulin proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses.
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Antigen
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is a substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response.[
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archaea
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Prokaryote - group of single-celled microorganisms. A single individual or species from this domain is called an archaeon (sometimes spelled "archeon"). They have no cell nucleus or any other organelles within their cells
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autoimmunity
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is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues.
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B-Cells
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lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system.
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bacteriophage
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is any one of a number of viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages are among the most common organisms on Earth
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binary fission
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is the form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotic and some eukaryotic organisms. This process results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell by division into two parts which each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell.
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Bioremediation
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any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.
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biotechnology
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is technology based on biology, agriculture, food science, and medicine. Modern use of the term usually refers to genetic engineering as well as cell- and tissue culture technologies.
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botulism
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(Latin, botulus, "sausage") also known as botulinus intoxication is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by botulinum toxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The toxin enters the body in one of four ways: by colonization of the digestive tract by the bacterium in children (infant botulism) or adults (adult intestinal toxemia), by ingestion of toxin from foodstuffs (foodborne botulism) or by contamination of a wound by the bacterium (wound botulism)
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budding
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is the process by which enveloped viruses acquire their external envelope, often as fragment of the host cell membrane, which bulges outwards and takes the virion inside. Some viruses hijack the host cell proteins normally involved in endocytosis to facilitate this process.
The new organism is naturally genetically identical to the primary one (a clone). |
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capsid
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is the protein shell of a virus.
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carbohydrates
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or saccharides[β] are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules. They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy (e.g., starch, glycogen) and structural components (e.g., cellulose in plants and chitin in animals). In addition, carbohydrates and their derivatives play major roles in the working process of the immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development.[1]
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cells
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the structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building block of life
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cholera
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an infectious gastroenteritis caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.[1][2] Transmission to humans occurs through eating food or drinking water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae from other cholera patients.
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codon
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a unit of three adjacent nucleotides along a DNA or messenger RNA molecule that designates a specific amino acid to be incorporated into a polypeptide. The order of the codons along the DNA or messenger RNA determines the sequence of the amino acids in the polypeptide
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cohort group
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a cohort is a group of subjects who have shared a particular experience during a particular time span
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complement
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biochemical cascade that helps clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the larger immune system that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime; as such it belongs to the innate immune system. However, it can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.
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cytopathic effect
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the infecting virus causes lysis (dissolution) of the host cell or when the cell dies without lysis because of its inability to reproduce.
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diptheria
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is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane (a pseudomembrane) on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity.[1] A milder form of diphtheria can be restricted to the skin. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, an aerobic Gram-positive bacterium.
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disinfection
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Cleaning an article of some or all of the pathogenic organisms which may cause infection
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electrons
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is a subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It has no known substructure and is believed to be a point particle.[2] An electron has a mass that is approximately 1836 times less than that of the proton.[
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endosymbiosis
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The endosymbiosis theory postulates that
•The mitochondria of eukaryotes evolved from aerobic bacteria (probably related to the rickettsias) living within their host cell. •The chloroplasts of eukaryotes evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. |
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endotoxin
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are toxins[1] associated with certain bacteria. Classically, an "endotoxin" is a toxin that, unlike an "exotoxin", is not secreted in soluble form by live bacteria, but is a structural component in the bacteria which is released mainly when bacteria are lysed.
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enzymes
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are biomolecules that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions.[1][2] Nearly all known enzymes are proteinsLike all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the activation energy
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ergosterol
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a sterol, is a biological precursor (a provitamin) to vitamin D2. It is turned into viosterol by ultraviolet light, and is then converted into ergocalciferol, which is a form of vitamin D.[1]
Ergosterol is a component of fungal cell membranes, serving the same function that cholesterol serves in animal cells. |
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fever
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is a frequent medical sign that describes an increase in internal body temperature to levels above normal
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genotype
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is the genetic constitution of a cell, an organism, or an individual (i.e. the specific allele makeup of the individual) usually with reference to a specific character under consideration.
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granulation tissue
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is the perfused, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a fibrin clot in healing wounds. Granulation tissue typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size it heals.
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hepatitis
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implies injury to the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. The name is from ancient Greek hepar (ἧπαρ), the root being hepat- (ἡπατ-), meaning liver, and suffix -itis, meaning "inflammation" (c. 1727)[1]. The condition can be self-limiting, healing on its own, or can progress to scarring of the liver. Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic when it persists longer
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histoplamosis
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(histo- body tissue) also known as Darling's disease,[1][2] is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease primarily affects the lungs. Occasionally, other organs are affected; this is called disseminated histoplasmosis, and it can be fatal if untreated. Histoplasmosis is common among AIDS patients because of their lowered immune system.
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