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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List four obligate aerobes.
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Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus (Mnemonic: Nagging Pests Must Breathe)
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Where in the lung does M. tuberculosis prefer, and why?
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Apices of the lung, as they have the highest PO2.
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What conditions occur concurrently with P. Aeruginosa infection?
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1. Burn wounds, 2. Nosocomial pneumonia, 3. Pneumonias in Cystic Fibrosis patients
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List 3 obligate anaerobes
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Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces
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What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?
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Catalase (aka glutathione peroxidase), AND/OR Superoxide dismutase (converts O2-radical[ie superoxide] to H2O2)
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Why are anaerobes foul-smelling?
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They produce short-chain fatty acids.
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What do anaerobes produce in tissue?
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CO2 and H2 gases
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Where are anaerobes normal flora?
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1. GI tract, 2. Between teeth and gums
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What antibiotics are particularly ineffective against anaerobes?
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AminO2glycosides, as they require O2 to enter the bacterial cell.
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List the obligate intracellular bacteria.
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Rickettsia and Chlamydia. (Mnemonic: Stay inside (cells) when it is Really Cold)
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What is the defining characteristic of obligate intracellular bacteria.
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Can't make their own ATP.
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List the facultative intracellular bacteria.
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Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia (Mnemonic: Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY)
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List four major examples of encapsulated bacteria
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1. Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2. Hemophilus influenzae (especially B serotype), 3. Neisseria meningitidis, 4. Klebsiella pneumoniae
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What does a positive quellung reaction indicate?
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Positive quellung: If encapsulated bug is present, capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added. (*B39) (Mnemonic: Quellung = capsular "swellung")
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In which vaccines does the capsule serve as an antigen?
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Pneumovax, H influenzae B, Meningococcal vaccines
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What does conjugation with protein do to vaccines that have a capsular antigen?
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Increases the immunogenicity and T-cell dependent responce.
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Which bacteria form spores?
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Gram positive soil bugs (eg Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani)
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How can one destroy spores?
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Autoclave (as is done to surgical equipment)
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Rickettsiae: Characterization
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Obligate intracellular parasites. Need CoA and NAD.
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Rickettsiae: Transmission and presentation
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Coxiella: Atypical. Transmitted by aerosol and causes pneumonia All others: Arthropod vector causes classic triad of headache, fever and rash (vasculitis)
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Treatment of Rickettsiae
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Tetracycline
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Difference between spread of rash in typhus and spotted fever
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tyPHus is centriPHugal (moves outwards) - sPotted fever is centriPetal (moves inwards) - Both are caused by Rickettsiae
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Which bug causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever? What is it transmitted by?
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Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted by tick
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Which bug causes endemic typhus? Transmitted by what?
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Rickettsia typhi, transmitted by fleas
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Which bug causes epidemic typhus? What is it transmitted by?
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Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by human body louse
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Which bug causes typhus?
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Endemic: Rickettsia typhi, transmitted by fleas - Epidemic: Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by human body louse
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Which bug causes Q fever?
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Coxiella burnetii, by inhaled aerosols from cowhide and placentas. Remember: Carol Burnett coughing "Q" after inhaling spores from cowhide.
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What separates Q fever from other rickettsial diseases?
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Q fever is Queer: Has an endospore, thus: Caused by Coxiella burnetii (not called Rickettsia) 2. No rash 3. No vector (inhaled aerosols) 4. Negative Weil-Felix 5. Causative organism can survive outside for a long time.
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Difference in tropism between Chlamydia and Rickettsia
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Rickettsia: Endothelial cells of blood vessels - Chlamydia: Columnar epithelium
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Where is the rash in Rocky Mountain spotted fever found?
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Palms and soles, migrating to wrists, ankles, then trunk.
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What diseases can cause rashes on the palms and soles of feet?
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1. Rocky mountain spotted fever 2. Syphilis 3. Coxsackie virus A infection (hand, foot, and mouth disease)
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Weil-Felix reaction
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Assays for antirickettsial antibodies, which cross-react with Proteus antigen
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Typhus: positive or negative Weil-Felix
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positive
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Rocky mountain spotted fever: positive or negative Weil-Felix
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positive
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Q fever: positive or negative Weil-Felix
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negative
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What bug: Atypical walking pneumonia in prisoner or military recruit younger than 30
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Describe mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
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1. Atypical walking pneumonia (insidious onset, headache, non productive cough, diffuse interstitial infiltrate) 2. X-ray looks worse than patient 3. High titer of cold agglutinins (IgM)
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Special culture requirements for: Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Eaton's agar
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Treatment for mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Tetracycline or erythromycin. Pencillin resistant because they have no cell wall.
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Characterization of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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1. Facultative anaerobe with no cell wall (hence no gram stain) 2. Only bacterial membrane with cholesterol 3. High titer of cold agglutinins 4. Grown on Eaton's agar
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True or False: No Gram-positive bugs have endotoxin.
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False. Listeria monocytogenes has it.
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Characterize Chlamydia
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Obligate intracellular parasites
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2 forms of chlamydia
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1. Elementary body (small, dense) which Enters cell via endocytosis 2. Initial or Reticulate body, which Replicates In cell by fission
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Disease states caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
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1. Reactive arthritis (aka Reiter's syndrome) 2. Conjunctivitis 3. Non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, and PID
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Disease states caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae
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Atypical pneumonia
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Disease states caused by Chlamydia psittaci
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Atypical pneumonia
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Chlamydia species
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1. Trachomatis 2. Pneumoniae 3. Psittaci
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What is unusual about the chlamydial wall?
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It lacks muramic acid.
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Treatment of Chlamydia
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Erythromycin or tetracycline
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Reservoir for Chlamydia psittaci
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Avian
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Which chlamydia has an animal reservoir?
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Psittaci: Avian
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Lab diagnosis of chlamydia
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Cytoplasmic inclusions seen on Giemsa or fluorescent-antibody stained smear
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What disease is caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis serotypes A-C
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1. Chronic infection 2. Blindness in Africa - Mnemonic: ABC: Africa, Blindness, Chronic infection
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What disease is caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis serotypes D-K
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1. Urethritis/PID 2. Ectopic pregnancy 3. Neonatal pneumonia 4. Neonatal conjunctivitis
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What disease is caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis serotypes L1-L3
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Lymphogranuloma venereum: 1. acute lymphadenitis with a positive Frei test 2. ulcers 3. rectal strictures - Mnemonic: L1-3: Lymphogranuloma
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Positive Frei test
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Chlamydia Trachomatis serotypes L1-L3
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Acquisition and treatment of neonatal conjunctivitis
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Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K acquired by passage through infected birth canal. Treat with erythromycin eye drops.
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