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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Macronutrients |
Elements needed by bacteria in large quantities -Mg, Fe, K, Ca |
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Micronutrients |
Elements needed by bacteria in trace amounts -Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn -can be cofactors |
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Cofactors |
-small molecules that fit into specific enzymes and aid in catalysis |
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Defined mineral medium |
-a growth medium that only contains compounds necessary for an organism to grow |
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Axenic growth |
-growth outside of host cells (like on media) |
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Heterotrophs |
-organisms that use external organic (carbon-based) compounds for biosynthesis |
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Autotrophs |
Organisms that utilize inorganic carbon sources (such as CO2) via reduction reactions |
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Phototrophs |
Organisms that obtain energy through chemical reactions caused by light absorption |
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Chemotrophs |
Organisms that obtain energy from oxidation-reduction reactions that go from high energy to low energy |
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Lithotrophs |
A subclass of chemotrophs that obtain electrons from inorganic molecules |
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Organotrophs |
A subclass of chemotrophs that obtain their electrons from organic sources |
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Nitrogen fixers |
Convert N2 (naturally occurring nitrogen) to ammonium (NH4+) via an enzyme called nitrogenase |
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Nitrifiers |
Oxidize ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-) |
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Denitrifiers |
Convert nitrate (NO3-) to N2 (naturally occurring form of nitrogen) |
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Siderophores |
Molecules that bind to iron (Fe3+) and transport it into the cell (where is reduced to a usable form - Fe2+) |
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Group translocation |
A type of active transport (uses energy) where the compound is modified into a different compound during transport |
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Complex media |
Media that is nutrient rich but undefined |
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Enriched media |
A type of complex medium with an additional component (such as blood) |
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Synthetic media |
Media that is defined (precise amounts of known components) that can be used to determine metabolic needs of specific organisms |
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Selective media |
Favors the growth of one organism over another (for example, adding bile salts and crystal violet dye favors gram neg. bacteria) |
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Differential media |
Selects for bacteria based on a biochemical aspect (For example, E. Coli can digest lactose, while S. Enterica cannot) (S. Enterica grows white on peptone while E. Coli turns red) |
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MacConkey Medium |
A specific type of selective AND differential media - selects for gram pos. bacteria - turns fermenters red, leaves non-fermenters white |
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Mesophiles |
Live at "normal" conditions -Neutral pH -20-40°C -.9% salt |
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Extremophile |
Anything other than a mesophile is called an extremophile |
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Psychrophiles |
"Cold loving" -microrganisms that live at 0-25°C |
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Mesophiles |
"Middle-loving" Organisms that live from 15-45°C (All human pathogens are mesophiles - 37°C) |
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Thermophiles |
"Temperature loving" (warm) -organisms that live from 45-80°C |
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Hyperthermophiles |
"Excess heat loving" -organisms that live from 80-121°C |
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Barophiles (Piezophiles) |
Organisms that live at very high pressures |
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Barotolerant |
Organisms that can survive some high pressure (Up to 50MPa, half of what barophiles can survive) |
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Halophiles |
-organisms that require a high salt content (10-20%) |
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Neutralophiles |
-organisms that live at pH 5-8 |
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Acidophiles |
-organisms that live at pH 0-5 |
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Alkaliphiles |
-organisms that grow at pH 9-11 |
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Strict aerobes |
-microbes that must have oxygen present to grow |
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Strict anaerobe |
-organisms that die in the presence of oxygen |
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Facultative anaerobe (or aerobe) |
-organisms that grow in the presence or absence of oxygen |
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Aerotolerant anaerobes |
-organisms that do not use oxygen, but can survive in its presence |
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Microaerophiles |
-organisms that require a low concentration of oxygen, and die in high concentrations |
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Capnophiles |
Bacteria that require increased concentrations of carbon dioxide |
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Oligotrophs |
-organisms that require low solute concentrations to survive |
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Sterilization |
EVERYTHING is killed |
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Disinfection |
-kills disease causing organisms from inanimate surfaces |
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Antisepsis |
-kills disease causing organisms from living tissue |
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Sanitation |
-brings microbial levels down to safe levels (does NOT kill everything) |