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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Pathogy?
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is the study of disease
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Define Etiology?
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is the study of the cause of a disease.
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Define Pathogenesis?
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is the development of a disease.
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Define infection?
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is the colonization of the body by a pathogen.
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Define disease?
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is an abnormal state in which the body is not functionally normally.
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Define commensalism?
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is one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected.
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Define mutualism give an example?
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is when both organisms benefit, example E.coli in the intestine produces vitamin K, prevent growth of harmful organisms
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Define parasitism?
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is when one organism is benefited at the expense of the other, can cause disease.
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True or false most normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens depending on the state of their host?
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True
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When is there a problem with normal flora?
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There is a problem with normal flora when it is where it does not live normally or when the host's immmune system is compromised
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Where is the location of normal microbiota on the human body?
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The normal microbiota are normally in the entry point, eyes, mouth, nose, throat, skin, intestine, genital tract and lower urinary system.
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What is microbial antagonism?
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is competition between microbes to protect the host.
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What are some protective measures normal microbial take to protect the host?
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Normal microbial protect the host by occupying niches that pathogens might occupy, prducing acids, producing bacteriocins?
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Define bacteriocins?
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are substances bacteria produce to hold back other bacteria
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What are probiotics?
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are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial or restore missing bacteria
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Name some normal Flora of the skin?
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Staph aureus and staph epidermis are normal flora of the skin
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Name some normal flora of the intestines?
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Gram neg rods, anaerobes, aerobes, ecoli are normal flora for the intestines
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Name some normal flora of the mouth?
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Some normal flora of the mouth are streptococcus, lactobacillus and candida
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Normal flora of the urogenital system?
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Some normal flora of the urogenital system are staph epidermidis, & lactobacillus
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What is Koch's postulate used for?
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is used to proves the cause of an infectious disease
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Describe Koch's postulate?
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Have a sick animal, colonize microorganism a pure colony, identify organism, microorganism is injected into a healthy animal, amimal must reproduce disease, isolate organism from sick animal, identify organism from sick animal.
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How did Koch's postulate work with HIV?
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Koch's postulate did not work with HIV because it mutate with every repliucation and human HIV does not cause animal HIV.
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Define symptom of infectious disease?
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is a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease.
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Define Sign of infectious disease
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is a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease.
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Define syndrome?
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is a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.
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Define communicable disease?
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is a disease that is easily spread from one host to another
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Define contagious disease?
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is one that is easily spread from one host to another
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Define noncommunicable disease?
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is one that is not transmitted form one host to another
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Define Incidence of disease?
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is the fraction of a poulation that contracts a disease during a specific time
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Define prevalence of a disease?
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is the fraction of the population having a specific disease at a given time
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What does ID stand for in the disease world?
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ID- infectious dose is the number of microbes required for infection to proceed.
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What is the prodromal period?
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is when mild symptoms start and replicating get ahead of the immune system
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Define incubation period?
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is when there aren't any symptoms or signs of the disease, the immune system is still winning.
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Define infectivity?
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organism to establish a focal point of infection the # is critical.
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Define invasiveness?
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Invasivenesspathogen to spread to a adjacent or other tissue.
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Define virulence?
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is the ability to cause disease.
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Define pathogen?
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is a parasite that casues disease.
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Name some predisposing factors to suspectibility to disease?
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Age, fatique, lifestyle, chemotherapy, climate and weather, inherited treaits, short urethra on women.
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Define focal infection?
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is an systemic infection that began as a local infection.
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Define a subclinical infection?
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is one without any noticable signs or symptoms
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What is a secondary infection?
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is one that arises from a primary infection by an opportunistic pathogen
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What is a primary infection?
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is an acute infection that causes the initial illness
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Define Toxemia?
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is toxins in the blood
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Define viremia?
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is a virus in the blood
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Define bacteremia?
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is bacteria in the blood
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Define septicemia?
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is the growth of bacteria in the blood
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What is an opportunistic pathogen?
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cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they grow in a part of the body that is is not natural to them
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What is a true pathogen?
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is capable of causing disease in a healthy person with normal immune defenses
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What is a latent disease?
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is a disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive
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Define Acute disease?
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is a quickly developing disease
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Define chronic disease?
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is a slow progressing disease.
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define subacute disease?
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is between an acute and a chronic disease.
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What is herd immunity?
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is when the majority of the population is immune to it.
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What is pandemic mean?
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Worldwide contamination
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What is an epidemic disease?
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is a disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time.
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What is an edemic disease?
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is a disease constantly in a population.
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What is a sporadic disease?
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is an occasionally occuring disease
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Define prevalance?
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is the total number of cases of the disease in a specific location.
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What is the incidence of disease mean?
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of disease is the number of new cases of a disease in a given area.
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Define noncommunicable disease?
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disease is a disease not past from one host to another.
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Define connmunicable and contagious disease?
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both diseases are past from host to host.
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Define syndrome?
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signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
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What is sign of disease?
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is a change in a body that can be measured or observed result of disease.-fever
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What is a symptom?
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is a change in body function that is felt by patient- feeling crappy
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What are porbiotic?
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are live microbes given to benefit person
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What is microbial antagonism?
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is competition between microbes
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What is opportunistic?
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is a pathogen that depends on the state of the host being compromised
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What is parasitism?
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is when one organism benefits at the expense of an other
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What is commensalism?
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is when one organism benefits and the other is not affected.
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What is mutualism?
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is when both organisms benefit
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Define bacterstatic?
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inhibits the growth of microbes
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Define bacteriocidal
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kills the microbes
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How does heat affect most bacteria?
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Heat affects bacteria by denaturizing its protein
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Name 5 targets of antibacterials?
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Antibacterial target cell walls, protein synthesis-ribosomes, nucleic synthesis- DNA, cell membrane, folic acid
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Define symboisis?
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is the relationship between mormal flora and the host.
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Define synergistic?
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is when the work togther to benefit example pencillin and streptomycin to treat endocarditis it allows penicillin to get through.
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Define Therapeutic index?
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the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to it minimum effective dose
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MIC ?
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Minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial drug that prevents visible bacterial growth
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MLC?
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Minimum lethal concentration is the lowest concentration needed to kill a defined fraction of bacteria or fungi
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Factors that influence antimicrobial agents?
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IV fluid, bowel, competition binding sites, competetive binding proteins, liver damage, kidney damage.
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Dissemination define
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circulating
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Ways resistance disseminate?
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Resistance disseminate by jumping genes, transconjugant, mutation
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Name 3 mechanism of antibiotic resistance?
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3 Ways of antibiotic resistance are
alter target alter uptake- pump out drug inactivation- prod enzymes use alternate metablolic pathways |
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Broad spectrum affects what kinds of organisms?
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affect all prokaryotic except mycobacteria and psuedomonas
example chloramphenicol and tetracycline |
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Narrow spectrum effect what kinds of organisms?
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effect gram + organism examples antibiotics M<acrolides Erytromycin, Azithromycin,
Polypeptides-polymyxin |
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Systems and mechanisms involved in Type III hypersensitivity?
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Type III hypersensivity involves B cells and is the immune mediated complex the antibody mediated inflammation circulating IgG complex deposits in basement membrane of target Organs
diseases some auto immune diseases, systemic lupus, erthematosus, rheumatiod arthritis rheumatic fever |
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System and mechanisms involved in Type II hypersensitivity?
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Hyersensivity II involves B cell and IgM & IgG antibodies act upon cells w/complement & causes lysis
blood group incompatibility, pernicious anemia, myasthemia |
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System and mechanism involved in Type I hypersensivity?
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TYpe I hypersensitivity involive the Bcells and IgE antibodies, mast cells, basophils and allergic mediators Ex: anaphylaxis, atopic allergies, hay fever, asthma- allergic Th2
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System and mechanisms involived in type IV hypersensitivity?
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Hypersensitivity IV involves T cells, cytotoxic cells it is a delayed heypersensitivity and sytotoxic reactio in the tissues: contact dermatitis, graft rejection, some types of auto immune disease.
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Define generation time?
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Generation time is the time it take for a microbe to divide and double its population- varies among species.
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Name 3 treatment and preventative measure to avoid allergies?
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avoid allergen, sensitivity treatment, take drugs to block actioin of lymphocytes, mast cells, and chemical mediators
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How do antihistimines, aspirin, epinephrin, throphyline work to prevent allergic reaction?
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They counter act the effects of the cytokines on the targets
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How does Cromolyn act to prevent allergic reaction?
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Cromolyn acts onthe surface of the mast cell no degranulation
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How do momclonal drugs work to inhibit allergic attack?
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Monoclonal drugs inactivate IgE
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Name 4 factors relating to control of microbial Organisms?
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effect of high and low intial load- if death/growth rate the same harder to kill,
# microbes microbial characteristic controlling environment-fat protecting? time exposure- spore take longer |
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How does radiation affect microbes?
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Radiation destroys the DNA of microbes, Ionizing-gamma
nonionizing-UV |
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How do chemical agents affect microbes?
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Chemicals agents affect microbes by disrupting membrane or denaturizing proteins
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How does corticosteroid work at preventing allergic reactions?
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Corticosteroids keep plasma cell from synthesizing IgE & inhibits T cells
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What is the problem in treating antifungal microbes?
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The problem with treating anitfungal microbes is that they are eukaryotic cell like us so we can not target their DNA or ribosomes because it would damage ours
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Name 3 characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial drug?
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Selectively toxicity- kill organism not person
Reach site of infection at inhibitory concentration- get through puss and blood Penetrate & bind to target, avoid inactivity & extrusion -must get into bacteria to kill |
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Sepsis vs asepsis?
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Sepsis is bacterial contamination, Asepsis is free of pathogens
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Name 5 classes of antibodies?
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IgE-hypersensitivity allergy, min normally
IgM-1st to immune response,Huge cell IgG-memory found in blood, migrates to tissues, lymph, CSF, and small enough to pass into placenta. IgA- present mucous found in breast milk IgD- cell surface molecule |
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Describe functions of IgA?
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IgA is found in mucousal cells of Resp., GI, urinary tract, also found in
breast milk to help protect newborn form GI infections, lines epithethial cells |
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Describe IgE?
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IgE is normally is min. except with allergies and parasites. It binds to amst cells activates mast cells to produce histamine and beta active.
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What kind of immunity do newborns produce? Explain chance of infection why?
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Newborns produce IgM so they are more suseptible to disease, the IgG that is found is from there mother.
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What are monoclonal antibodies?
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They will produce a single specificity and are produced in the lab, antibody is injected into animal, extracted, isolated, frozen, thawed, and added to culture to regrow.
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What are polyconal antibodies?
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They are our normal antibody response
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How does the immune system utilize antibodies?
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1. promote phagocytosis-opsonization
2.complement activiate-target 3.aggregation of antigen 4. inhibit attachement, mobility |
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Describe cell mediated antibody response?
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Response to viral infected antigen, Th recognizes abnormal cell acting as an antigen presenting cell activates cytotoxic Tcell to destroy infected cell
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Name steps in the growth of bacteria?
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1 bacteria cell starts to enlarge and chromosome starts to duplicate, septum starts to appear. Septum allowed to grow inward chromosome separtate and spetum is completed through cell. The two cell separate
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What is the difference between the growth of a human and a bacteria?
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Bacteria's growth is about replication humans about enlargement
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3 ways to classify antibacterials?
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1 Origin
2.bactercidal or bacterstatic 3.target/ activity site |
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Describe activation of cytotoxic T cell?
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It acts by destroying infected cell with granules that poke holes in it and lysis occurs- it destroys the factory
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How do vaccines work?
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Vaccines work by immediately activating our memory cells that get antibodies to surround the virus befor it has time to do any damage. It is all a number game, heighten response
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Which Th cell bring about symptoms of allergies?
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Th2 bring about symptoms of allergies Th1 cell mediated gets rid of allergen properly
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Type I hypersensitivity predisposing factors?
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Allergies-
genetics- not same just predisposed to allergies environment Defect in target organs Triggers |
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Name some protein synthesis inhibitors?
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Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, clinclomycin, Oxalolidinones, aminoglycosides, streptomycin, amikacin all bacterstatic except aminoglycosides
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Which drugs work to inhibit folic acid?
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Sulfonamides
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Which inhibit DNA gyrase?
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Cipro- Quinolones
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Name some common aminoglycosides and what do they do?
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Streptomycin- oldest neomycin-toxic topic use, tobranmycin, amikacin blocks 30s good agains gram - rods,
gentramycin 1st broad spectrum |
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Aminoglycosides are used to treat what?
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Severe sepsis and are bactercidal caution inner ear and kidney damage
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Aminoglycoside with betalactams are used to treat what?
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are used to treat pseudomonas
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Aminoglycosides can damage what part of a person?
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damage to kidney and inner earexcept streptomycin only ear
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What are macrolides and what do they do, some side effects?
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They inhibit protein synthesis at the 50s ribosome
problems with GI complications used to treat chlamydia example Azithromycin |
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What does MIC stand for ?
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Minimum inhibitory MIC50 concentration mg/L of 50% of the population of bacteria the lower the better
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How do cell membrane inhibitors work and what are the drawbacks?
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The cause an increase in permeability of the cell membrane and leakage of cell content Drawback we have cell membranes so can affect us too
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How do sulphonamide combat bacteria?
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They inhibit folic acid synthesis not allowing nucleic acid synthsis used to treat UTI Broad spectrum, many interaction with other drugs due to protein binding
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Antibiotic that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
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Sulphonamide, Trimethoprin, quinolones-cipro rifampricin
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What are quinolones used for?
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Are used to treat resistant micorobes
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What does chloramphicol target and what are some negatives?
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It targets protein synthesis, bacteriostatic gr+and gr- chlamydia, can cause aplastic anemia
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What is used to treat MRSA?
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Vancomycin
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What keeps cell wall inhibitor from effecting gram- bacteria?
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The outer membrane lipopolysaccharide layer
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Name some beta-lactamase inhibitors? What do they do?
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Clavulanic acidSulbactam, Tazobactam they inhibit enzyme from deactivating the betalatam
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How do beta lactam antiboitics work and name some?
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They work by binding to PCP and destablizing the cell wall so it burst. Penicillin, cephalsporin, carbapenems, monobactoms, cephamycin
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Name some cell wall synthisis inhibitors?
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Cycloserine, glycopeptides,-vancomycin, teicoplanin
Bacitracin Betalactams-penicillin, cepahalsporin, carbopenaoms, monobactams |
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How do cell wall inhibitors work?
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They effect the peptiglycan layer, weaken walls, exposed to hypotonic environment, membrane bulges, and burst due to weakened walls
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What happens when sugar or salt are add to food for perserving?
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Bacteria need a isotonic environment by adding the sugar or salt causes water loss causing plasmolysis
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Define autotroph?
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Uses CO2 as a c sourc and is usually chlorophyll organism
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Define Hetertroph?
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Organism that obtain C from organic sources living-us
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Define inorganic?
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atom or molecule that contains combination of atom other that C & H -metal their salts, wather CO2
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Define Organic?
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Contains C & H are usually living products- glucose, lipids, CH4 proteins
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what are the energy sources and carbon sources of Phototrophs, photoautotrophs?
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Photoautotroph energy source is light and carbon= CO2
Photohetertroph energy source is light and carbon source is organic |
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Define macronutrients?
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are required in large quanties play a principal role in cell structure and metabolism, carbo, proteins
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What are micronutrients?
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Trace elements needed in small quantities and involve enzyme funciton and maintennance of protein structure Cofactor enzymes Mg,Zn, Ni
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What is the difference between psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles?
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Psychro- grow best in the cold, meso- around our temperature, and thermo like it hot.
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Define halophiles?
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They can tolerate up to 15% salt concentration
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What is an obligate anaerobes?
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Will die in the presence of oxygen
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What is an obligate aerobe?
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It needs oxygen to survive
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What is a facultative anaerobe?
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Can live with or without oxygen
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What is a microaerophile?
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Can live with a little oxygen
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Capnophiles is what?
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Grows better in higher CO2
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How does bacteria grow numerically?
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It replicated in optimum conditon expodentially
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Describe growth curve and phase?
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Lag phase cell enlarge, no replication
Log phase cell dividing, major increase more growing than dying, most suspeptible stationary same dying as grow Death phase more die than grow |
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Ideal Characteristic of disinfectant?
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1 rapid action
2 maintain efficacy in presence of puss or blood 3 low toxicity 4 user safety 5 material compatibility |
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Define disinfection?
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The destruction vegetative pathogens but not endospores
inanimate objects |
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Define sterilization?
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Is the complete destruction or removal of all viable microorganisms- inanimate objects
kill prions, spores, viruses autoclave, ethylene gas |
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Define antisepsis?
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Is a chemical applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens
on living tissue Hydrogne peroxide |
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Define degermination?
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Physical or chemical methods that reduce the microbial load on the skin mechanical scrubs?
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