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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
example of specific body defense
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1. If attacked by Staph. liberate an antistaph defense
2. If attacked by E. coli 0157:H7 liberate an anti E. coli 0157:H7 defense |
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study of specific body defenses
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Immunology
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immunity from conception. part of our genetics
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natural immunity
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immunity gained after conception
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acquired immunity
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immunity gained without help of medicine
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naturally acquired
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immunity gained with help of medicine
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artificially acquired
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body recieves an antigen, and makes its own antibodies in response
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active immunity
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preformed antibodies are given to body
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passive immunity
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1. acquired without meds
2. body recieves antigen (get sick, get well) 3. long lasting, may last decades ~ entire life |
NAAI
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1. acquired without meds
2. body recieves preformed antibodies 3. Ex) from mom transplacental, breast milk, especially colostrum 4. usually just last ~ 6 months |
NAPI
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1. body recieves antigen
2. ex) vaccines - pharmacologic agents that contain modified antigens |
AAAI
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3 types of vaccines
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1. killed/ deactivated
2. attenuated/ weakened 3. toxoid |
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examples of killed/ deactivated vaccine
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1. bacterial = Pertussis vaccine (whooping cough)
2. viral = Salk Polio vaccine |
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adv. & disadv. of Killed/ Deactivated vaccine
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adv. - microbe can't cause disease since dead
disadv. - limited # of antigens enter the body, so less strength in immune response |
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examples of Attenuated/ Weakened vaccine
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1. Sabin polio vaccine = oral polio vaccine (OPV)
2. Measles, mumps, rubella, influenza |
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Adv. and Disadv. of attenuated
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adv = microbes still replicate in body, producing more intense and long lasting immune response
disadv. = sometimes can still get sick, sometimes revert to virulent form (oral polio) |
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examples of toxoid vaccine
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Tetanus toxoid
Diptheria toxoid |
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adv./disadv of toxoid vaccine
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adv - prevent death from poison
disadv - modified shape, not as strong as immune response - schedule boosters |
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1. through help of medicine: recieve preformed antibodies
2. preformed Ig injection |
AAPI
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1. Grow B cells in cell/tissue
2. fused with cancer cells = hybridoma |
Mononuclonal source
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- B cell enlarges, starts generating unique antibody
- B cell undergoes Clonal Selection divides to form a clone of identical cells (may see lymph nodes swell as clones formed) - B cells when secreting called Plasma cells |
Primary Response
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- Release IgM and put IgD in membranes
- as antigen levels decrease IgM levels drop, some of the plasma cells die others become memory B cells keep producing IgG against unique Ag |
Plasma Cells
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adv/disadv of AAPI
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adv - fast quick aid
disadv - not enough for all risks, not long lasting may see allergy if derived from animals |
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small molecules that hook to body protein and create antigen
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Hapteus
ex) penicillin |
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Types of Ig's
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IgG
IgA IgM IgE IgD |
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consists of one antibody unit (monomer) most plentiful (80%) in bloodstream & lymph
- easily crosses capillary walls - is antibody in memory (ability to quickly fight off return of same pathogen) |
IgG
(sent by mother through fetus) |
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- 10-15% of circulating antibodies
- large numbers in secretions especially mucous - also found in other secretions like milk, saliva - is a dimer |
IgA
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- largest group of antibodies (pentamer)
- in circulation will find 5 together - 5-10% of circulating antibodies - important when first exposed to antigen - released to help tie up antigens into big clump (agglutinate) - is diagnostic |
IgM
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- tiny concentrations circulating in blood
- primarily found in cell membranes of mast cells (basophiles) |
IgE
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- found imbedded in WBC
- found B lymphocyte surfaces - very low concentration in body fluids because imbedded in B lymphocyte cell wall |
IgD
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example of cytokine
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interleukin (IL)
(tells other WBCs what to do) (calls monocytes into area to do phagocytosis) Interferon (INF) (identifies that viruses have attacked local cells - triggers other cells to prepare for viral onslaught) |
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- release cytokines that trigger antibody production by B cells
- attract macrophages to area of antigen |
Th cells (helper T cells)
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can detect viral infected cells and kills them directly (since antibodies cannot reach virus inside of cell)
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Tc cells (cytotoxic T cells)
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trigger cessation of antibody production by B cells. makes production more efficient
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Ts cells (suppressor T cells)
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Nonmicrobial causes of diseases
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1. Trauma
2. Developmental 3. Metabolic 4. Noncommunicable 5. Communicable 6. Contagious |
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example of trauma
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radiation burn, hot temp. burn
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example of developmental disease
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blue baby
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example of metabolic disease
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diabetes mellitus
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example of noncommunicable disease
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diabetes mellitus
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example of communicable disease
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tuberculosis
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example of contagious disease
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flu
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