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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A BLANK microscope uses only a single lens.
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simple
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BLANK microscopes use light to view specimens.
What are the four types? |
Light
Bright field, dark field, phase contrast, and fluorescent |
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BLANK microscopes use a beam of electrons and magnets to allow higher degrees of magnification
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Electron (EM)
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What type of microscope is used in the lab?
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Bright field and compound microscopes
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BLANK lens is the one you look through
BLANK lenses are the lens directly above your specimen |
Ocular
Objective |
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What are the two lenses that focus the light rays coming from the light source onto the specimen?
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The condenser
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What is magnification?
What is total magnification? |
The enlargement of a specimen
Magnification of the ocular lens X objective lens |
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What refers to the ability of the microscope to stay in focus when adjusting the objective lens to a higher power?
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Parafocal
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What refers to the ability of the microscope to keep the specimen you have in focus centered with increases in magnification?
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Parcentric
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What is the area you are viewing through the microscope?
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field of view
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What is the smallest distance two closely spaced objects can be separated and be differentiated as two individual objects?
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Resolution
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What is an increase in magnification without the required increase in resolution?
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Empty resolution
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What is it called when there is an increase in magnification and subsequently a decrease in the 3D power of the microscope?
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Depth of field
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What is the environment created to study microorganisms called?
What does this environment provide? What are the four types? |
Culture media
Nutritional requirements Broth, agar deep, agar slant, and agar plate |
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What is a solidifying agent, derived from seaweed, which is a complex carb and has no nutritional value?
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Agar
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How is the multiplication of a single cell species represented?
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Colonies on the media
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What is an agar deep?
What is an agar slant? What is an agar plate? |
Agar deep is agar poured straight into a test tube
Agar slant is agar poured into a slanted test tube Agar plate is agar poured into sterile petri dishes |
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When is chemically defined media used?
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When an organism's exact nutritional needs and chemical makeup are known
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What is complex media?
What are the two types of complex media used in the lab? |
Commonly used in the lab and made from items such as peptones, beef, and yeast extract
Tryptic soy agar (TSA) and Tryptic soy broth (TSB) |
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What is a complex medium that has additional additives(s) added to it to allow the growth of fastidious organisms?
What are examples of the additives? |
Enriched media
Vitamins, plant extract, animal extract, or blood |
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What is a method used to destroy all microorganisms and spores in a medium?
What is a specific method called? How does it work? |
Sterilization
Autoclaving. It sterilizes media by using pressure, high temperature, and hot steam in a chamber. |
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Why is staining used in the lab?
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To better view microorganisms under a microscope
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Define the following morphologies of bacterial cells
1. Cocci 2. Bacilli 3. Vibrios 4. Coccobacilli 5. Spirilla and Spirochetes 6. Pleomorphic |
1. Spheres
2. Rod-shaped 3. Slightly curved rods 4. Short rods 5. Spiral shaped 6. Multiple shapes |
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Define the following arrangements of bacterial cells
1. Diplo 2. Staphylo 3. Strepto 4. Tetrad 5. Sarcina |
1. cells arranged as pairs
2. cells arranged in grape-like clusters 3. cells arranged in chains 4. a quartet of cells 5. two quartets of cells that form a 3D "cube" |
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What are the two steps to be completed before staining a specimen?
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Smearing the specimen on a plate
Fixing the specimen to the plate using heat |
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A BLANK stain stains the specimen, but not the background.
Where does the light pass through? |
Direct stain
The background |
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A BLANK stain stains the background, but not the specimen.
Where does the light pass through? |
Negative stain
The cells |
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A BLANK stain stains a bacterial smear with a single dye.
What is colored? What is it used for? |
Simple stain.
The cells. Used to determine morphology, size, and arrangement of bacterial cells. |
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A BLANK stain is a stain that uses at least three chemical reagents on a smear.
What are the three reagents used? |
Differential
Primary stain, Decolorizer, and Counterstain |
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What does the primary stain do?
The decolorizer? The counterstain? |
Initially give color to the cells
Gives a color contrast Gives a contrasting color from the primary stain to the cells that were decolorized |
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What is the Gram stain? Who was it developed by? What's its purpose?
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It is a type of differential stain.
Developed by Hans Christian Gram. Used to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall composition. |
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Gram stains differentiate most bacterial species into what? (2)
What are the four reagents used in a Gram stain? |
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria
1. Crystal violet (primary stain) 2. Gram's iodine (mordant) 3. Ethanol (decolorizer) 4. Safranin (counterstain) |
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BLANK bacteria have cells walls with thick layers of peptidoglycan.
What color do they stain as? |
Gram positive bacteria
Purple |
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BLANK bacteria have cells walls with a thin peptidoglycan layer.
What color do they stain as? |
Gram negative bacteria
Pink/red |
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Briefly describe the four steps of a Gram Stain reaction
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1. Primary stain uses crystal violet to stain all cells purple.
2. A mordant, iodine, is used to reinforce attachment of the purple dye to the negatively charged cell wall, membrane, and cytoplasm of the bacteria. 3. 95% ethanol is used as a decolorizer to dehydrate cell walls, trapping the purple in GPB, or washing it away in GNB. 4. Safranin is used as a counterstain to stain the decolorized cells as pink/red |
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A BLANK BLANK contains only one type of microorganism.
Important in ID and classification of bacteria |
Pure culture
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What is it called when microorganisms are transferred from one medium to another?
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Subculturing
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What is a type of subculturing that uses sterile instruments under sterile conditions?
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Aseptic transfer
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What are three bacterial isolation methods employed in the lab?
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Streak plate technique, spread plate technique, and pour-plate technique
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What is it called when a single colony is aseptically transferred to another medium?
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Pure stock culture
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BLANK BLANK is the macroscopic observation of a colony's growth plate
What 7 other criteria are used to describe a colony's morphology? (FEMOPS Su) |
Colony morphology
Form Elevation Margin Optical property Pigment Size Surface |
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What is the difference between colony morphology and cell morphology?
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The former refers to form and structure of COLONIES ON THE PLATE. (macroscopic)
The latter refers to form and structure of CELLS WHEN STAINED. (microscopic) |
