Microbiology Midterm

An _____ nutrient is usually found in mineral deposits ofthe earth, water bodies, or the atmosphere.

A noun often used to describe organisms which can cause disease is a _________

What determines a microbe's nutritional type?

Place the following steps in order to demonstrate your understanding of the viable plate count

Studies of bacterial growth generally focus on the growth in ____________ size

___________ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures.

What environmental factors have an influence on microbial growth

A symbiotic relationship where one organisms benefits at the expense of another is termed __________

A microbe's nutritional type (such as autotroph or phototroph) is determined by its sources of ________ and _________

Regarding oxygen, identify how microbes deal with its toxic properties

A _____troph is an organism which uses the sun's light to directly power its metabolic pathways.

Which organism relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs?

What cell structure regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell?

Some microbes can general unique gel-like formations (akin to a colony but can me mixed organisms) which are fairly resistant to antibiotics. These formations are called _______ and often grown on surfaces such as catheters.

Put the following phases in order for a normal bacterial growth curve.

Match the data for a bacterial growth curve with the axis on which it is plotted.

Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell?

Which of the following types of radiation can damage microbes?

________ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration.

What element is NOT an essential nutrient for a microbe?

What elements are essential nutrients for a microbe?

A(n) __________ microbe requires only inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source.

a nutrient that must be obtained by an organism because it cannot be manufactured is called a(n) ___________ nutrient

if a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move?

if a cell loses water after being placed into a particular solution, what is true regarding the osmolarity of the solution?

During the endocytic process of ___________, the cell actively engulf large particles into vesicles.

identify bacteria that require higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide for isolation.

A(n) __________ is any microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen.

What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?

_________ is a type of symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms in which 1 special derives benefit without harming the other.

What term is used to describe chemical substances such as carbon or phosphate which are required in large quantities by cells?

Which is FALSE regarding binary fission?

chemotrophs are organisms that gain energy from_______.

What is an organic nutrient?

microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classifies as _____________, while microbes that gain energy from oxidizing chemical compounds are classified as _______________.

When discussing bacterial growth, what is usually being referred to?

An __________ microbe requires only inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source.

A flow cytometer can provide which of the following types of data?

What is an inorganic nutrient

Nutrition

A solution which is_________ will cause a cell to swell with water.

Which of the following are highly reactive, toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism?

A solution which is ___________ will cause a cell to lose water

In ____________, molecules are moving across the membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

An interrelationship between two or more free-living organisms that benefits them but is not necessary for their survival is __________

What methods can be used to count bacterial population without culturing on plates?

A(n) ________ specifically requires a high concentration of salt for growth.

Which of the following macromolecules require nitrogen for biosynthesis?

_________ is a type of symbiotic relationship between 2 organisms in which both species benefit.

Which term best describes the association between a human host and the normal enteric flora that aid in digestion?

Which two bacteria genera are representative of psychrotrophs that are able to grow in refrigerated food and can be linked to food-borne illness?

What method requires plating cultures for counting bacteria?

Cell population growth can be represented by the number ______ with an exponent, where the exponent increases by ______ in each generation.

An ________ is an organism that prefers alkaline pH (pH above 7).

Identify bacteria that require higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide for isolation.

True or False

Cell numbers increase exponentially during the log phase and decrease exponentially during the death phase of microbial growth.

During facilitated diffusion, molecules are transported across the membrane with the help of transport _______.

Which of the following macromolecules require phosphorus for biosynthesis?

Enumeration of bacteria can be achieved by the __________cell count, in which a cell suspension in a chamber is viewed under the microscope.

a relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment is known as __________.

__________ comprises the majority of cytoplasmic volume.

Prior to refrigeration, salting was used to prevent microbial growth in foods by causing ____________ in bacterial cells.

Which of the following macromolecules require nitrogen for biosynthesis?

_____________ is a close nutritional association between individuals from 2 special that may be helpful, harmful, or neither to both members.

The movement of molecules along a concentration gradient by spontaneous ransom motion to achieve a uniform distribution is termed__________

The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the ___________ growth phase.

Bacterial oxygen tolerates patterns and determined by incubating a pure culture of a microorganism in __________ medium.

The __________ phase of bacterial cell growth is when there is equal number of cells dividing as there are dying.

Which enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide, formed in aerobic respiration, to water and oxygen?

a _______ curve is a graphical representation of the change in population size over time.

Which of the following describe how biofilms work to be resistant to many antibiotics?

The main inorganic source of sulfur on the planet is

Which of the following is NOT a good example of a chemoheterotroph

Which of the following structures is responsible for protecting a microbe in an aquatic environment?

Flagella

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Ribosomes

Which of the following are methods that count as they pass through a type of automated scanner?

Some pathogens like the leprosy bacterium are referred to as _____________ because of their absolute need of a host cell or some other conditions.

What advantages exist with the use of a flow cytometer?

During the endocytic process of ______________, the cell actively engulfs liquids by extensions of the cell membrane.

Any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as trace metal, is termed a(n) _______________.

_________ is an important mineral for the stabilization of cell walls and endospores, whereas ________ is needed for cell transport.

What organism is an important human pathogen classified as a facultative halophile?

Antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics, heat, and disinfection rapidly accelerate which phase of the growth curve?

in the specific process of ______________ ______________, active transport is achieved by coupling the transport of a nutrient with its conversion to a substance that is immediately used to the cell.

Which instrument is used to determine relative cell density based on turbidity of a culture?

When normal flora microbes produce antibiotics which leads to our bodies protection from pathogens, this is specifically called________.

A(n) ___________ is a microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium.

What macromolecule is the most common in cells?

a(n) ________is a microorganism that thrives under high hydrostatic pressure.

Which of the following organisms does not utilize oxygen regardless of availability?

A ______ is a continuous culture system that provides nutrients and removes waste to stabilize cell cultures.

The coordinated action between 2 microorganisms or drugs that results in a heightened response or greater effectiveness is called

What term is used to describe the ability of some microbes to detect the relative number of bacteria with a specific area?

a heterotroph that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms is also called an ___________________.

chemoautotrophic bacteria that rely on inorganic minerals to supply their nutritional needs are known as ______________.

a(n) _________________ is an aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen at a concentration less than that in the atmosphere

Scientists can use real-time ___________ to quantify bacteria without culturing or isolating them.

The conversion of a toxic superoxide ion to hydrogen peroxide requires the enzyme _________________ ______________.

Which of the following bacterial growth phases correlated to the acute stage of a bacterial infection?

S. aureus is classified as a facultative ___________ because it can easily handle the higher salt concentration found on human skin.

What term is used to describe a microbe which survives in hypertonic environments.

A microbe that does not use oxygen at any time but is not harmed by it is described as an _________________ anaerobe.

What is a microaerophile?

What is real-time PCR used for?

Which set of four elements makes up the largest portion of cells by dry weight?

A)carbon, sulfur, potassium, oxygen

B)oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, hydrogen

C)carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

D)nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, potassium

Any substance, whether in elemental or molecular form, that must be provided to an organism is called a(n)

Microbial cell cytoplasm is composed mostly of

An autotroph

A)uses inorganic carbon dioxide as its carbon source.

B)uses organic carbon as its carbon source.

C)obtains its carbon from the bodies of other organisms.

D)is nutritionally dependent on other living things.

Nitrogen is vital to microbial growth. It is obtained from organic or inorganic sources to make

A)amino acids.

B)proteins.

C)nucleotides.

D)all of the above.

A ____________ metabolizes the organic matter of dead organisms.

Extracellular digestion in bacteria and fungi

A)aids endocytosis.

B)results in exocytosis.

C)facilitates transport of nutrients in.

D)results in transport of wastes out.

Cell walls are useful for structural integrity as well as to keep a cell from bursting in a(an)___________solution.

A)hypotonic

B)isotonic

C)hypertonic

D)barometric

An organism that is capable of living without oxygen if necessary is termed a(n)

During this phase of growth, newly inoculated cells require a period of adjustment, enlargement, and synthesis.

The duration of each bacterial division is called the generation or

Cell numbers can be counted directly by all of the following EXCEPT

A)microscope counting chamber.

B)Coulter counter.

C)flow cytometer.

D)turbidity.

The stationary growth phase in a bacterial growth chart is due to all of the following EXCEPT

A)depletion of nutrients in the culture.

B)increased density of cells.

C)a period of adjustment to growing conditions.

D)accumulation of wastes and byproducts.

Microorganisms which exist under high pressure are called

A)thermophiles.

B)barophiles.

C)psychrophiles.

D)halophiles.

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are forms of

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis.

Active transport occurs independently of energy input.

Red snow is a phenomenon caused by psychrophilic green algae.

The three cardinal temperatures for a microorganism describe its temperature range—the range in which that microorganism grows best.

A person shedding bacteria in the early and middle stages of an infection is more likely to spread it to others than is a person in the late stages.

A form of active transport that can move specific substances is facilitated diffusion.

Microorganisms have been found more than 300 meters deep in the rocky crust of Earth.

The word root troph means

The word root phile means

The word root auto means

The word root hetero means

Which of the following is not a chemical requirement of all bacteria?

a) mineral elements

b) carbon

c) molecular oxygen

d) nitrogen

e) sulfur

What do all of these bacteria have in common:

Bacteria in the rumen of cattle and sheep

Bacteria in a sewage treatment plant

Bacteria growing in the middle ear in chronic otitis media

Bacteria growing on the teeth in dental plaque

a) The bacteria are all thermophilic.

b) The bacteria are all gram-positive.

c) The bacteria are most likely growing in biofilms.

d) The bacteria are all obligate aerobes.

e) The bacteria are all fermenters.

A ____________ metabolizes the organic matter of dead organisms.

In which phase of the growth curve is the population doubling time fastest?

a) stationary phase

b) lag phase

c) death phase

d) log phase

e) logarithmic decline phase

If a single bacterium replicated every 30 minutes, how many bacteria would be present in 2 hours?

Bacterial growth refers to an increase in the __________ of bacterial cells.

Bacteria growing in and on the human body, including normal microbiota as well as pathogens, are classified as:

TRUE or FALSE. Psychrotrophic organisms are often responsible for food spoilage in refrigerated foods.

An organism that you are studying grows at 4°C and at 25°C. However, it grows best at 20°C. This organism would be classified as a ________.

a) halophile

b) psychrophile

c) mesophile

d) thermophile

e) psychrotroph

An unknown organism grows at the top of a tube of thioglycolate broth. This organism is best described as a/an _________ for its oxygen requirements.

Which of the following statements regarding transport processes is FALSE?

a. Active transport requires ATP

b. Facilitated diffusion uses a transport protein such as a channel or carrier protein

c. The process of group translocation modifies the solute during movement

d. Small hydrophobic molecules easily diffusion across the plasma membrane

e. Prokaryotic cells often use endocytosis to “eat”

An otherwise typical bacterial cell increases from one cell to 256 cells in 10 hours. What is the generation time of this organism?

a. 10 mins

b. 30 mins

c. 45 mins

d. 75 mins

e. 100 mins

Terms used to describe a microbe that cangrow at refrigerator temperature

Term used to describe a microbe thatrequires a small amount of oxygen, but not too much

4 cells are grown for 3 generationsHow many cells are in the culture?

32 CFUs are counted on a plate labeled 10-6 What is the original cell density?(Assume 0.1-ml was plated)

•Which of the following terms describes anorganism that derives its energy and carbon from organic molecules?

a)photoautotroph

b)chemoheterotroph

c)autotroph

d)chemotroph

e)phototroph

•Which one of the following temperatureswould most likely kill a mesophile?

a)-50°C

b)0°C

c)9°C

d)37°C

e)60°C

•You perform a serial dilution anddetermine that the original number of cells in your sample was 100. How manybacteria will be present in 2 hours if the generation time is 30 minutes(assume unlimited food and clean environment)?

•Assume this plate has 100 colonies. What is the original sample density if 1-mlof sample was plated at the 10-2dilution?

•What is the original cell density?

_____________ refers only to processes that result in synthesis of cell molecules and structures, and require the input of energy.

Anabolic processes in a cell are required for

Enzymes have active sites that bind with the

Most enzymes are composed of _______.

Enzymes are usually named for the type of reaction they catalyze, with the ending__________ to indicate that it is an enzyme.

Enzymes ____________ the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed, acting as organic catalysts.

Enzymes have unique characteristics such as shape, _______, and function.

Enzymes are much _________ in size than their substrates.

Enzymes __________ used up or permanently changed by the reaction they catalyze.

A)are

B)are not

Enzymes can be recycled

True

False

Enzymes function in extremely _______________ concentrations.

Cofactors can be

A)holoenzymes.

B)metallic.

C)apoenzymes.

D)substrates.

__________ are transported outside the cell, where they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals, or can function as virulence factors.

Enzymes which are always present in a cell are termed ____________ enzymes.

A)regulated

B)repressed

C)constitutive

D)induced

Enzyme regulation is an important aspect of metabolic control. Regulation by a product reacting with a regulatory site on the DNA is called

A)competitive inhibition.

B)noncompetitive inhibition.

C)enzyme induction.

D)enzyme repression.

Anabolic reactions often synthesize polymers such as polysaccharides, poly peptides and polynucleotides. The enzymes involved form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules during

A)analysis reactions.

B)dehydration reactions.

C)decomposition reactions.

D)hydrolysis reactions.

Identify the form of potential energy below:

A)thermal energy

B)radiant energy

C)mechanical energy

D)chemical energy

ATP is a three-part molecule consisting of all the following EXCEPT

A)a nitrogen base (adenine)

B)a five-carbon sugar (ribose).

C)a phosphorous molecule.

D)three phosphate groups.

Which pathway produces the most energy from a glucose molecule?

A)fermentation

B)glycolysis

C)aerobic respiration

D)anaerobic respiration

Glycolysis produces ATP and a vital intermediary, __________, which can be used in respiration, fermentation, or anabolic reactions.

A)pyruvic acid

B)glyeraldehyde

C)glycolic acid

D)glucose

The ability of a cell or system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve efficiency is called

A)gluconeogenesis.

B)amphibolism.

C)amination.

D)glycolysis.

Aerobic bacteria and mitochondria are able to produce additional energy from the breakdown of glucose by harvesting __________ and using them to bring protons across the membrane via __________, finally, ATP is produced as the protons flow back into the cell through ATP synthase.

A)electrons; the Electron Transport System

B)OH- ions; hydrolysis

C)pyruvate molecules; facilitated diffusion

D)water molecules; osmosis

Similar to the system in bacterial membranes, mitochondria are able to produce energy via the electron transport system, located

A)within the cell cytoplasm.

B)on the outer membrane of the mitochondrion.

C)within the intermembrane space.

D)on the inner membrane.

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the compound that loses the electrons is said to be reduced.

A)True

B)False

Denaturation is a process by which the weak bonds that collectively maintain the native shape of the apoenzyme are broken.

A)TrueB)False

Hydrolysis reactions involve addition of water to break bonds.

A)TrueB)False

A conjugated enzyme consists of a protein component called the cofactor and one or more activators called apoenzymes

.A)TrueB)False

Energy is the capacity of a system to perform work. It is consumed in exergonic reactions and is released in endergonic reactions.

A)TrueB)False

Activation energy is the energy needed to initiate a measurable rate of conversion of reactants to products by bond formation or breakage.

A)TrueB)False

Enzymes decrease the activation energy of a reaction.

A)TrueB)False

______________ _____________ is the enzyme that can convert RNA into DNA

If a DNA molecule contains 15% adenine nucleotides, what percent of cytosine does it contain?

Horizontal gene transfer

Vertical gene transfer

______________ inhibition of an enzyme involves a second site known as the regulatory or allosteric site.

The building blocks for anabolism come from:

The specific process of ___________ results in the synthesis of cell molecules and structures.

Biosynthesis is also termed

Which components contribute to the structure of ATP?

Which of the following occur during aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Beta oxidation

Fermentation

Electron Transport System

Krebs cycle

A _________ is the term for a specific molecule on which an enzyme acts.

ATP is composed of a sugar called ________, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base called __________.

Prokaryotic cells will divide by a process called

True or False: An enzyme's active site is unique for each substrate.

Monosacchrides, amino acids, and vitamins are building blocks used in the process of ___________, and enter the cell as nutrients or are synthesized through cellular pathways.

What term is used to describe protein losing their 3d structure as a consequence of changes in the environment conditions such as excessive heat or salt?

Which of the following are roles of ATP?

Prepares molecules for catabolism such as phosphorylation of glucose.

Transfers electrons to oxygen during electron transport

to replenish ADP for energy storage

Powers biosynthesis by activating molecules

What is produced in large quantities during catabolism that can then be used in anabolism?

Which type of inhibition involves a "mimic" molecule that can block enzyme activity at its active site?

A(n) _________ is a biological catalyst

ATP has ____ phosphate groups (number)

What is required in large quantities for anabolism?

Which compound connects those reactions that are anabolic to those reactions that are catabolic?

What is the role of enzymes?

Which of the following is the degradation of complex compounds during cellular metabolism?

Which of the following enzymes are lacking in strict anaerobes?

What is accomplished in metabolism?

During catabolic reactions, energy that is released is stored in cells as _________.

A reaction that consumes energy is termed

______________ enzymes are those enzymes which are controlled at the level of transcription and translation and are influenced by changes in the environment.

True or False: Fermentation pathways give advantages to bacteria.

NAD is reduced to _______ in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle.

What represents cofactors?

Which of the following are true with regards to enzymes?

NAD and FAD work by loading and unloading _______ and ________ during energy transfers

the release of electrons to power the pumping of hydrogen with generates a concentration gradient to power ATP involves the ______________ ____________ system.

A molecule _________ is termed "money" because it can be stored, spent, or transferred.

Composed principally of amino acids _________ acts as a biological catalysts, facilitating metabolic activities of the cell.

Electron carriers shuttle __________ and hydrogen _________.

In which process do some macromolecules get assembled from smaller components and other macromolecules get degraded to yield energy?

Anabolism is only the assembly of macromolecules for smaller components

t/f

In which process do some macromolecules get degraded to yield energy?

Which organisms carry out fermentation?

The oxygen molecule that accpets electrons and hydrogen in aerobic respiration is converted to _________.

A complex organic molecule, often derived from vitamins, that acts in conjunction with an enzyme is knows as a(n)

which term is used to describe the integration of anabolic and catabolic pathways in order to improve cell efficiency?

In glycolysis, _____ molecules of pyruvic acid are formed from each glucose

the protein part of an enzyme which requires a coenzyme/cofactor to function is called a(n) ____________.

Enzyme-substrate complexes are:

strong

irreversible

weak

reversible

What is the non-protein portion of an enzyme?

How much ATP is produced during the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate?

What is the purpose of fermentation?

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

Proteins are broken down by ______________ into amino acids

A __________ is a discrete cellular structure composed of an elongate DNA molecule.

A __________ is the physical expression of the genes present, and can change depending upon what genes are turned "on".

Genes code for all of the following EXCEPT

A)structural components

B)regulatory components

C)RNA

D)DNA

All of the following are true regarding eukaryotic chromosomes EXCEPT

A)the DNA is tightly coiled around histone proteins.

B)the chromosomes are located in the nucleoid.

C)chromosomes vary in number from a few to hundreds.

D)chromosomes can occur in pairs or singles.

The basic unit of DNA structure is the

A)nitrogenous base.

B)purine.

C)pyrimidine.

D)nucleotide.

DNA replication involves all these steps EXCEPT

A)unzipping hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.

B)dissolution of the nuclear membrane.

C)synthesizing new DNA matching complementary base pairs.

D)uncoiling parent DNA.

Identify the purine from the list below:

A)cytosine

B)thymine

C)uracil

D)guanine

All of the following are complementary nucleotide base pairs EXCEPT

A)C-G

B)A-U

C)T-A

D)U-C

__________ contains the codes for the sequence of amino acids in protein.

A)Messenger RNA

B)Transfer RNA

C)Ribosomal RNA

D)Micro RNA

The DNA code for a protein (i.e. a codon) occurs in groups of __________ bases.

A)two

B)three

C)four

D)five

Synthesizing amino acid sequences from messenger RNA is called

A)transduction.

B)transformation.

C)translation.

D)transcription.

The processes of transcription and translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the following way:

A)Eukaryotes transcribe DNA in the cytoplasm.

B)Eukaryotes translate DNA in the nucleus.

C)Prokaryotes transcribe and translate simultaneously.

D)Prokaryotes transcribe DNA in the nucleus.

Eukaryotic mRNA contain non-coding regions called

A)introns.

B)exons.

C)transposons.

D)transcriptons.

The lactose operon was first described by

A)James Watson and Francis Crick.

B)Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod.

C)Francis Collins and Craig Venter.

D)Alex Jeffreys.

The lactose operon itself has three important features. Which of the following is NOT one of these features?

A)the regulator

B)the control locus

C)the inducer

D)the structural locus

A change in DNA sequence arising from errors in replication that occur randomly is a(n)

A)spontaneous mutation.

B)induced mutation.

C)point mutation.

D)nonsense mutation

Some bacteria are capable of obtaining DNA from the environment, which is problematic with antibiotic resistance genes. When a competent cell takes in DNA from outside the cell, it is termed

A)incorporation.

B)transformation.

C)encapsulation.

D)transduction.

Sexual reproduction in which a plasmid or other genetic material is transferred by a donor to a recipient cell via a direct connection is termed

A)recombination.

B)transduction.

C)conjugation.

D)transformation.

__________ are "jumping genes."

A)Transposons

B)Plasmids

C)Genomes

D)Mutations

The Ames test is used to identify potential carcinogens on the basis of their ability to

A)relocate genes from one section of the genome to another.

B)cause back-mutations in bacteria.

C)cause replication.

D)induce excision repairs.

The matching nucleotide base pairs in DNA are bound to one another by __________ bonds.

A)covalent

B)ionic

C)peptide

D)hydrogen

Codons are found in

A)rRNA.

B)mRNA.

C)tRNA.

D)all of the above.

DNA viruses tend to replicate in the nucleus while RNA viruses replicate in the

A)mitochondria.

B)ribosome.

C)Golgi apparatus.

D)cytoplasm.

Major types of recombination include all of the following EXCEPT

A)conjugation.

B)transcription.

C)transformation.

D)transduction.

Organismal genetics observes the heredity of the whole organism.

A)TrueB)False

The protein's secondary structure is responsible for the order and type of amino acids in the protein chain.

A)TrueB)False

Translation is the first stage of gene expression.

A)TrueB)False

Frameshift mutation nearly always results in a nonfunctional protein because every amino acid after the mutation is different from what was coded for in the original DNA.

A)TrueB)False

Missense mutations are a type of frameshift mutation.

A)TrueB)False

DNA strands are parallel, running in the same orientation.

A)TrueB)False

Some mutations can be corrected using enzymes found in the cell.

A)TrueB)False

The phenotype is the expression of the genotype.

A)TrueB)False

Term that means "study of inheritance"

This enzyme unwinds DNA during DNA replication

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

What is the point mutation that leads toa different amino acid being incorporated into the protein?

Where is the beginning and end oftranscription? Translation?

DNA Polymerase 1

DNA polymerase 3

Helicase

Ligase

Primase

topoisomerases

Which of the following types of RNA contains hairpin loops and is involved in carrying amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

The lac operon is

Which of the following mechanisms of horizontal transfer involves the transfer of bacterial DNA through a bacteriophage?

Which of the following types of mutations will have the most devastating effect on a cell?

Restriction endonucleases (enzymes)

Make cutes to DNA at palindromes

Can leave "sticky ends" at the ends of the DNA cuts

are used by bacteria to protect against invading bacteriophage

important in introcuding a gene into a vector in genetic engineering

all of the choices are correct

Feedback inhibition differs from transcription repression because feedback inhibition

Two daughter cells are most likely to inherit which one of the following from the parent cell?

Which of the following is not a method of horizontal gene transfer?

Transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient as naked DNA in solution.

For a cell, which of the following compounds has the greatest amount of immediate energy per molecule?

a) ADP

b) acetyl CoA

c) ATP

d) NADH

Streptococcus bacteria lack an electron transport chain. How many molecules of ATP can a Streptococcus cell net from one molecule of glucose?

Unlike eukaryotes, in prokaryotes chemiosmosis ________.

a) does not require ATP synthase

b) electrons are eventually passed to organic molecules instead of inorganic acceptors

c) moves iron instead of protons across the membrane

d) occurs at the plasma membrane and not the mitochondria

e) does not require a membrane

All of the following pairs are correctly matched except ________.

a) metabolic pathways; sequences of chemical reactions

b) anabolism; building of complex molecules

c) metabolism; sum of all chemical reactions

d) oxidation; reaction where electrons are gained

e) catabolism; breakdown of organic compounds

The chemical reactions involved in synthesizing proteins and cell wall peptidoglycan are examples of ________ reactions

a) Anabolic

b) Autotrophic

c) Catabolic

d) Photosynthetic

The complete oxidation of glucose typically involves which three stages?

a) chemiosmosis, photophosphorylation, and reduction

b) substrate phosphorylation, pentose phosphate shunt, and the Calvin cycle

c) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

d) photosynthesis, fermentation, and oxidation

Which of the following is an example of a palindrome?

a) 3'-GAATTC-5'


3'-GAATTC-5'

b) 5'-TTTACG-3'


5'-GCATTT-3'

c) 3'-TTAGAA-3'


5'-AATCTT-5'

d) 5'-AAGCTT-3'


3'-TTCGAA-5'

TRUE or FALSE. In prokaryotes, translation of an mRNA molecule can begin before transcription of the mRNA molecule is completed.

TrueFalse

Eukaryotic mRNA contain non-coding regions called

a) introns.

b) exons.

c) transposons.

d) transcriptons.

Which one of the following would be the most likely to yield a recombinant cell after mating?

a) F- cell and F- cell

b) Hfr cell and F- cell

Consider the polypeptide sequence encoded by the following DNA: TACAAAGAAATT If base number 6 is changed to G, how will this affect the polypeptide?

a) There will be no change in the polypeptide.

b) Translation will stop.

c) A frameshift mutation will result.

d) A nonsense mutation will result in premature termination of the polypeptide.

e) One amino acid will be changed.

All of these statements are true about DNA replication except:

a) DNA ligase joins the small DNA fragments of the lagging strand.

b) DNA polymerase is required to add new nucleotides to the growing ends of the DNA strands.

c) Only one strand of the parent DNA serves as a template for a newly synthesized complementary strand.

d) RNA polymerase synthesizes the primers.

__________ contains the codes for the sequence of amino acids in protein.

a) Messenger RNA

b) Transfer RNA

c) Ribosomal RNA

d) Micro RNA

All of the following are true regarding eukaryotic chromosomes EXCEPT

a) the DNA is tightly coiled around histone proteins.

b) the chromosomes are located in the nucleoid.

c) chromosomes vary in number from a few to hundreds.

d) chromosomes can occur in pairs or singles.

Which of these statements is true about transduction?

a) A virus is required for transfer of genetic material.

b) Bacteria-bacteria contact is required.

c) Segments of DNA move from one region of DNA to another.

d) Naked DNA is passed from bacterium to bacterium.

e) Recombination does not occur.

___________ destroys all viable organisms including viruses.

___________ destroys vegetative pathogens, but not bacterial endospores.

___________ mechanically removes microorganisms, reducing contamination to safe levels.

___________ are chemical agents that are applied directly to exposed body surfaces, wounds, and surgical incisions.

Place the following in order by level of resistance with highest resistance first.

A)endospores, prions, protozoan cysts, fungal spores

B)prions, protozoan cysts, fungal spores, naked viruses

C)endospores, fungal spores, hyphae, prions

D)bacterial vegetative cells, prions, naked viruses, protozoan cysts

A(n) _______ is a chemical that destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage.

_______ is the growth of microorganisms in the body fluids and tissues.

Factors that influence the rate at which microbes are killed by antimicrobial agents include all of the following EXCEPT

A)the number of organisms present.

B)the concentration of the agent.

C)the presence of interfering organic matter.

D)none of the above are correct.

The cellular targets of physical and chemical agents fall into general categories including those that damage

A)the mitochondrion.

B)the cell membrane.

C)cytoplasmic inclusions.

D)the nucleus.

Antimicrobial agents can target the cell wall by

A)blocking its synthesis.

B)digesting it.

C)breaking down its surface.

D)all of the above.

Microbial death is defined by

A)loss of motility (and other vital signs).

B)cell lysis.

C)lack of respiration.

D)inability to reproduce in optimal conditions.

Autoclaving is effective for most materials except for

A)proteins.

B)enzymes.

C)amino acids.

D)oils.

Chilling, freezing, and desiccation are

A)microbicidal.

B)microbistatic.

C)disinfectants.

D)sterilants.

Sterilization by filtration removes microbes from heat-sensitive liquids and circulating air. The type of microbe removed depends on the

A)pH of the liquid.

B)temperature of the liquid.

C)temperature of the air.

D)pore size of the filter.

Fluorine, bromine, chlorine, and iodine are classified as nonmetallic

A)halogens.B)phenolics.C)alcohols.D)detergents.

_________ can be used to disinfect water, food, and surfaces.

A)Chlorine compounds

B)Phenols

C)Alcohols

D)Hydrogen peroxide

Triclosan, a chemical in most "antibiotic" soaps,

A)is considered to be the "miracle antiseptic" in household use.

B)has increased resistance of microbes to other antibacterial agents.

C)is superior to regular soap and water.

D)kills fungi and viruses as well as bacteria.

Physical methods of microbial control include heat, cold, radiation, drying, and filtration.

A)TrueB)False

What is most resistant to disinfection?

Whatis the term associatedwith microbial contamination?

All of the following pertain to hypochlorous acid except:

a)it is a halogen.

b)it causes denaturation of enzymes.

c)it is found in iodophors.

d)it is used to disinfect bedding andmedical equipment.

e)it is found in common household bleach.

A culture contains 10,000,000 cells.What is the number of cells killed by a 3log reduction?

What is the mode of action associatedwith dry heat?

Electrons are ejected from atoms in cells when organisms are exposed to

A. desiccation.

B. ultraviolet light.

C. ethyl alcohol.

D. hydrogen peroxide.

E. gamma rays and X rays.

Heavy metals work by

A. rupturing the cell membrane.

B. inactivating proteins.

C. binding to DNA.

D. dissolving the cell wall.

E. mutating DNA.

Which of these conditions is likely to interfere with the effectiveness of an antiseptic or disinfectant?

a) increased time of exposure

b) increased temperature

c) presence of biofilms

d) absence of endospores

_____ radiation excites atoms to a higher energy state within molecules such as DNA that then leads to the formation of pyrimidine dimers.

A. Infrared

B. Ultraviolet

C. Gamma

D. Particle

E. Ionizing

You discover a compound that you suspect reduces spoilage in fruit. You treat apples with your compound and inoculate them with Botrytis, a common spoilage fungus. After seven days the dry weight of fungi on the treated apples is 5 mg and 10 mg on the untreated apples. You conclude from these results that:the compound is toxic to humansthe compound kills fungithe compound is fungistaticapple spoilage is caused by fungi

___________ mechanically removes microorganisms, reducing contamination to safe levels.

a) Sterilization

b) Antiseptic use

c) Disinfection

d) Sanitization

The minimum sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are

A. 121C at 15 psi for 15 minutes.

B. 63C for 30 minutes.

C. 160C for 2 hours.

D. 71.6C for 15 seconds.

E. 100C for 30 minutes.

Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?

A. iodophor

B. chlorhexidine

C. 3% hydrogen peroxide

D. betadine

E. aqueous glutaraldehyde

Which of the following does not affect microbial nucleic acids?

A. moist heat

B. ultraviolet light

C. X rays

D. ethylene dioxide

E. formaldehyde