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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
halophile
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bacteria that likes high osmotic conditions
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What are common antioxidants?
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Vitamin A, C, E
Selenium |
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superoxide dismutase (SOD)
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enzyme that facilitates the reaction of superoxide and hydrogen into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
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catalase
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enzyme which catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
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Which enzymes do facultative anaerobes have?
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SOD & Catalase
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What enzymes do obligate anaerobes have?
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No SOD or catalase
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Aerotolerant organisms:
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-dont't use oxygen
-have SOD -will ferment -have peroxidase |
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Microaerophilics:
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either lack enzymes or have inefficient ones
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Anaerobic cultures are grown on:
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reducing medium (with Na thioglycolate), give e- to oxygen
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pH for bacteria is best kept at:
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7
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these get carbon from CO2
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autotrophs
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these get carbon from other organic compounds
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heterotrophs
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these get energy from light
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phototrophs
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these get energy from chemicals that take e-
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chemotrophs
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plants do this process to obtain carbon
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photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O -> CH2O + O2 |
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photoautotrophs that cannot produce oxygen and are harmed by it
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anoxygenic
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These are anoxygenic organisms
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sulfur bacteria
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The pigment in sulfur bacteria:
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bacteriochlorophyll
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Green sulfur bacteria have these membranes that absorb light
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chlorosomes
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Purple sulfur bacteria have these membranes that absorb light
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intracytoplasmic membranes
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Chlorobium is a type of this kind of bacteria
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green sulfur bacteria
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Chromatium is a type of this kind of bacteria
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purple sulfur bacteria
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Sulfur bacteria use this process for obtaining Oxygen
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H2S -> SO3(-2) -> SO4(-2)
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These get energy from molecules like H2S, N2
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Chemoautotrophs
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Chemoautotrophs use this process to gain energy
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N2 -> N2O -> NO2(-1) -> NO3(-1)
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This grouping of organisms (means of obtaining light and energy) is the largest
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Chemoheterotrophs
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This group consists of funguses and organisms that breakdown dead organic matter (decomposers)
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saprophytes
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Complex media
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illdefined media - not all contents are known
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Defined media
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mixture with all chemical compounds are known. Necessary for fastidious organisms
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Enriched media
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used for slow growing microbes. Increase small levels of desired microbes to detectable levels
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Selective media uses this to allow specific cultures to grow
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pH buffering, dyes
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Differential media
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indicator is put in the media to differentiate between organisms
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Snyder test uses what kind of media
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differential
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Viable cell counts downsides
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-have certain physical/chemical requirements
-takes time to grow -form aggregates |
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How many colonies are wanted per plate in serial dilutions?
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25-250
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The final e-acceptor in aerobic respiration is:
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Oxygen
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The final e-acceptor in anaerobic respiration is:
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inorganic substance (not O)
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The final e-acceptor in fermentation is:
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organic molecule
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Another name for glycolysis
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Embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway
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Where does fermentation get its ATP
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glycolysis
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This process is anaerobic and produces 2ATP and 6Pyruvic acids
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glycolysis
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Homofermentative
examples: |
organisms that only ferment lactic acid
streptococcus, lactobacillus |
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Heterofermentative
examples: |
ferment lactic acid as well as other products
E. coli, Salmonella |
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Synthesis of lipids is important for bacteria because:
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energy storage
mycolic acid photosynthetic pigments |
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Methods of killing bacteria:
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damage cell wall
change membrane permeability damage proteins/enzymes damage NA's |
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Organisms die at a ____ rate.
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constant
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Wet heat sterilize temp?
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121C
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Lyophilization
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freeze-drying
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Ultraviolet
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non-ionizing radiation
260-270nm bacteriocidal-causes dna/proteins to resonate, wobble and break. makes thyamine dimers |
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Radiation
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ionizing radiation
splits apart atoms, makes free radicals |
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Bacteriostatic methods
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cold, lyophilization
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Thermal death point
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lowest temp that all bacteria in a liquid culture will be killed in 10min
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Thermal death time
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length of time required to kill all bacteria at a given temperature
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an organism that grows best in moderate temperature (25-40C)
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mesophile
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these are capable of growth and reproduction at very cold temperatures
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psychrotrophs
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these are capable of growth and reproduction at very hot temperatures
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thermophiles
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