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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scar
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Material of Wound healing
For scar to mature- 6 months to 2 years |
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Collagen
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Glue-like protein that is the chemical of a scar
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Epithelialization
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Occurs whenever a wound breaks the skin in both primary and secondary intention healing
Process by which the top layer of skin heals itself |
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Primary Intention
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Simple laceration or cut that is sutured directly in a straight line
No intervention needed |
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Secondary Intention
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Wound that's missing tissue so that the skin edges of the wound cannot be brought together
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handicap
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result of disability
Real world affect of disability on individual in their world |
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disability
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Deficit
Either physical, emotional, or intellectual diagnosed by specialist in the field |
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Criteria to be a part of VESID
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Must have disability that causes significant vocational handicap and that after VESID services are used, are able to function at maximum ability
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New York Heart Association Classifications
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Functional capacity of heart in which physicians and researches accept as a standard for classification of cadiac conditions
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Functional Classifications
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Doctor's estimate of a person's symptoms
Estimate of what heart will allow person to do Class I: no real losses Class II, III Class IV: inability to carry any activity without discomfort |
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Therapeutic Classes
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Reflects the amount of physical activity recommended by the treating cardiologist considering all factors
Class A: physical activity doesn't need restriction Class B, C, D Class E: confined to bed, chair or wheelchair |
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Dyspnea
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shortness of breath
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METS
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Metabolic Equivalent
1-10 Leveling Estimate energy expenditure of physical activity int erms of oxygen consumption required to accomplish a task Correspond to amount of oxygen required to perform given activity |
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Anginal Syndrome
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temporary
Some don't subside- Cardiainficiency Rheumatic: inflammation, degeneration and swelling of connected tissue |
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Rheumatic Carditis
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Inefficient pumping
Individual develops strep Damage to heart remains after strep infection goes away Inefficient pumping Heart can't propel enough blood |
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Cor Pulmonale
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Heart/Lung condition
Cor: heart Pulmonale: lungs |
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Cor Obstructive Pulmonale Disease (COPD)
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Chronic
Asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis Affects bloods ability to pump through lungs Part of heart- strain on right side -> enlarged: heart is working too hard |
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Retinitus Pigmentosa
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Slow loss of peripheral vision
night blind to total blindness |
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Diabetic retinopathy
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Nerves cannot feed retina
Ischemia: blood vessls serving retina Retina detaches from the back of the eyes |
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Opthamalogist
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MD specializing in disease and muscles of the eye
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Optomotrist
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Person who measures for glasses and visual acuity
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Optrician
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Makes and sells glasses
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Definition: Legally Blind
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20/200 with correction
20/20 with 20 degrees or less field vision |
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Degenerative Disk Disease
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Nucleus pulposus becomes flatter with time because of dehydrating and older age
Painful Why old people shrink |
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Cardiovascular
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Umbrella for all of heart and entire system
Distribute oxygen to every live tissue Blood removes byproducts/wastes/hormones |
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Myocardio infarction
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Heart attack
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Angina Pectoris
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Chest pain
Heart is not getting enough blood- which carries oxygen Form of ischemia |
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Occlusive Arterial Disease
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type of cardiovascular disease
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Sclerosis
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Scarring
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Angioplasty
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Stent is sent through artery to blockage and then pushes open plaque
Repair of artery |
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Stent
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metallic cage into artery by catheter
Released into & open up artery |
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Ednartectomy
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Removal of interior Artery
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Ischemia
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inefficient blood supply to some part of the body
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physiatrist
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doctor of physical medicine and rehabilitation
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edima
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swelling
can take up to a year to go away |
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CVA
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cerebral vascular accident
Not necessarily TBI stroke insufficient blood flow to the brain |
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occlusion
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blocked completely
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Necrosis
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process of dying tissue
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Infarct
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area of dead tissue
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Pathy
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disease process
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Arteries
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Aorta- largest artery in body
Take blood away from heart All carry oxygenated blood except Pulmonary Artery Pulmonaorta- Right Heart Red coloring |
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Veins
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Vena Cava- largest vein in body
Take blood to heart Blue-ish tint All carry deoxygenated blood except Pulmonary Vein Gives up oxygen Pulmonary Vein- Right Heart |
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CHF
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Congestive Heart Failure
Due to heart having difficulty pumping sufficient oxygen to the body Fluid builds up leads to Scarring |
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Vasodilators
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Drugs that cause vessels to expand
Alcohol Nitroglycerine |
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Vasoconstrictors
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Drugs that cause vessels to constrict
Nicotine Visine |
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Intermittent Claudication
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Temporary Form of ischemia
Example: legs fall asleep due to inability to receive oxygen rich blood required during exercise May not occur under certain conditions then acts up and tgoes away when stop activity |
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5 Stages of Mourning
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Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance Person with disability suffers same process Mourning loss of ideal self Leads to adjusting process |
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Atherosclerosis
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Same as arteriosclerosis except takes place in one of larger arteries
May be localized Narrows artery Leads to ischemia suffering: pins and needles, pain, numbness, fatigue |
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Arteriosclerosis
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Generalized condition throughout body
Scarring of arteries, build up of fluids, plaque, cholesterol, fats deposits inside vessels on walls Thinning of the walls of the artery Artery becomes rougher, can cause clot don't pump blood as well- arteries stiffer lead to occlusion |
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Rheumatic Fever
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Inflammation of the heart from infection
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Left Heart Systemic
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Left ventricle to Right Atrium to all organs except Lungs
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Right Heart Pulmonary
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Right ventricle to Left atrium through Lungs
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Myocardium
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Smooth muscle- has mind of its own
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Heart murmur
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Regurgitation
4 valves in heart blood enters in wrong direction |
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Paralysis
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Complete absence of motor functioning
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Paresis
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Partial diminishment of motor functioning
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Plegia
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Loss of functional ability
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Lateralization
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2 halves of brain not indentical
Brain is different on each side Language cente ron left side on almost everyone |
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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
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Mini-stroke
Once blood supply resumes, the area will function again Resumes within 48 hours Warning sign of major stroke |
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Lacunae Infacts
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very, very tiny strokes
One may not even notice Little section may eventually build up to affect something major |
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Brain
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Most sensitive to oxygen deprivation
3 1/2- 4 minutes without oxygen -> brain damage If CNS tissue dies- brain cannot be repaired 2 circulators: Right: all blood to lungs Left: All blood to remainder of body Muscle |
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Homunculus
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Dwarf
Motor strip is inverted Depending on where damage on strip is- depends on where part of body is affected |
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Pericarditis
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outside/perimeter inflammation of heart
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Endocarditis
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Inside inflammation of heart damage
Destructive to other changes in tissue |
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Reduced Blood Supply Symptoms
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Intermittent Claudication
Angina Pectos Vasodilator |
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Narrowing Vessels
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Arteriosclerosis
Artherosclerosis Cor pulmonale CHF |
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Rehab for CVA
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1. Strengthening of residual motor ability
2. Spontaneolus recovery |
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Peripherineurapathy
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Not getting enough circulation
Death to nerves Many people who have this- have diabetes and peripherovascular disease Motor and sensory nerves impacted |
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Immediate Prosthesis
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Right after surgery
Psychological and physiological affect |
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Temporary Prostehesis
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Prosthesis and socket put on
Swelling will diminish Muscle diminishes over time |
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Permanent Prosthesis
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Functioning, better fit
Sock used to accommodate shrinkage |
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Suspension
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Quadrilateral sockets- taking pressure from socket off stump to eliminate and prevent infection
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Autoimmune Disease
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Body's own defense system turns on itself
Antigen invades, antibodies fight and defeat Problem: antibodies start recognizing itself as if they were invaders Attack beta cells |
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Continual Damage
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Swelling
leads to ischemia No circulation damage- leading to dead tissue |
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Eschar
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layer of dead, burned tissue
tends to shrink as forms can lead to tourniquette effect then to echarotomy |
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Surgical Care of burn involves
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Reduce pain
Protect against bacteria Close wound to prevent fluid loss Removal of dead tissue debriedment |
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Contactors
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Skin shrunk, muscles shrunk
Joints seize, immobile because in single position |
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Allergies
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Pathogenesis similar to arthritis
Autoimmune disease Reserved for when reaction is excessive |
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Asthma
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Allergy in lungs
Antibodies attack antigen Release vasoanthrohistimine- produce too much in vessels Take antihistime Cause bronchioconstrictions- airway passages tighten- hard to breathe |
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Allergy treatment
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1. Control Environment
2. Pharmacatherapy 3. Immunotherapy |
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parapetologist
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mobility instructor
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low visioin specialist
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optomologist with specialization
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What does skin do?
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Protects
prevents loss of fluid Regulates body temperature |
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Epithelium
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Skin-
1.7 square meters of skin on body: Largest organ of body |
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Epidermis
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Upon dermis
Upper outer layer 4 layers thick, 5 layers on feet and hands holds germinal epithelial cells: production sites for new skin |
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Dermis
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2 layers of connected tissue
thicker inner layer House: hair follicles Sebatious glands (fatty oil glands) Sweat glands Lined with germinal epithelial cells |
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Rule of Nines
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Body viewed as multiple of 9's
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Lund and Browder Chart
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Body parts change in size over years
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How bad the burn is depends on:
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1. Extent of Burn
2. Depth of Burn 3. Predisposing factors |
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Superficial
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1st Degree or Partial Thickness
Burn in epidermis Bright red, pink skin Blisters (wet and soft) Heal from lower level epidermis (germinal epidermal) no scarring |
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Partial Thickness
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2nd Degree or Deep-Partial Thickness
Epidermis is gone All or part of dermis Leave dermal appendages Waxy, white, dry, elastic, sensitive to pressure Heals 3-4 weeks and from margins not as attractive when healed scars occur |
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Full Thickness
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3rd Degree
Entire depth of skin: epidermis, dermis,dermal elements, and some subcutaneous tissue Spontaneous regeneration not possible Dry, black, leathery, not elastic, eschar No pain or pressure senses |
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4th Degree
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Burn down to bone
Amputation required Burned beyond recognition of any body part involved |
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Debriedment
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Removal of dead tissue
Must be done before wound is closed Remove non-viable dead tissue Tweezers Scrub it off Surgical Chemical Enzymes |
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Grafting
Definition & Reason |
Biological Dressing
1. Maintain life 2. Preserve functioning 3. Maintain cosmetic effect |
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Autograft
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Graft from good place on own body
Optimal and permanent |
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Homograft
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from same species, dead or alive
Permanent to some degree |
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Heterograft
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Xenograft
different species (pig) temporary 4-6 weeks Rejection |
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Hypertrophic Scarring
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Excessive growth
Cosmetically unattractive Not functional Bumps and contours Prevented by wearing pressure garment 24/7 for 2 years |
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Rheumatism
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Umbrella term that deals with many problems characterized by inflammation and degeneration of connective tissue
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Arthritis
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inflammation of joints
Supply of nerves and blood to bone |
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Osteoarthritis
Definition, Causes & Symptoms |
Degenerative joint disease
Not actually a disease Normal wear and tear of joints over years Wearing down of cartilege Natural process Can lead to break down of synovium Causes: Overweight Poor posture Poor alignment Not walking right Age Symptoms: Dolar: pain Tumor: Swelling Loss of Function |
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Cartilege
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cushion that prevents bone from touching bone, very smooth
Does not regenerate after time |
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Synovial Membrane
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Produces fluid to lubricate joints
Stops being produced over time |
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Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
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Rubor, Dolar, Tumor, Loss of Functions, Calor
True Disease Still's Disease Affects joints, tendons, ligaments Onset is when child is born causes problems with growth plates and may lead to dwarfism |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Antigen enters joint and attacks synovium causing body to send antibodies which produce an exnzyme and creates more swelling
Becomes continuous cycle Eventually bone starts to get broken down also |
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Causes of RA
Symptoms of RA |
1. Hereditary
Adulthood 2. Swelling, system wide involvement White cell rises, leading to sickness rubor- red calor- hot dolar- pain tumor- swelling loss of functioning |
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Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
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1. Reduce inflammation
2. Night Splinting 3. Surgery- synovectomy joint replacement Arthrodesis |
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Gout
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hereditary
rheumatic disease affecting soft tissue metabolic disease all 5 cardinal symptoms uric acid crystalizes in joints very painful |
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Ankylosing Spondylitis
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Fusion of spinal joints of 2 or more vertebrae
Antigen in vertebrae causing bad cycle of inflammation and antibodies bones grow and may fuse together inhibiting movement in the spine |
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Spondylolisthesis
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Person is not born with proper facets that keep vertebrae aligned
Vertebrae may slide forward Causes pressure on roots, cord and ligaments Very painful Usually in lower, lumbar region Think: lego blocks |
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Herniated Intervetebral Disc
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injury to annoulus
nucleus pulposus squeezing through pressure on ligaments and nerve endings |
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Rods
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periphery of eye
More plentiful Black and white, low and dimmed vision/light |
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Cones
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Color and acquity
More plentiful in center of best vision Broad day light |
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Cornea
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Clear part of eye
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Sclera
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White part of the eye
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Lens
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refractive medium
relaxes and contracts |
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Retina
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Converts to electrical enery
Light sensitive back of eye |
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Conjuctiva
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Mucus membranes
line socket and lids |
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Iris
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color part
open pupil to let more light in |
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Optic Nerve
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originates at retina
Goes to brain |
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Optic Disc
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all cells
Blind spot |
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Macula
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general area try to get image to focus on
Mostly cones Area of good vision |
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Fovia
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Very center of macula
Not good for night vision All cones centered here Best vision in good light |
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Ciliary Body
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set of muscles that makes lens and iris open or close
contracts and releases lens and iris |
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Cataracts
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cloudiness/opacity of lens
all or partial replacement of lens needed prosthesic impant if partial cataract- may come back seile cataract- with old age result of trauma, surgical, heat, or system disease |
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presbyopia
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old vision
lens doesn't refract fully anymore hardening of lens |
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astigmatism
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multi-focusing
irregular shaped lens or cornea |
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strabismus
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crossed eyes
muscular imbalance between eyes Can be corrected surgically |
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Hyperopia
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Fat sited
Focus behind retina Distance is better |
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Myopia
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Near sited
Focus in front of retina |
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Emmetropia
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Proper vision with refraction
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Amblyopia
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lazy eye
patch is put on good eye to correct brain confused and shuts down lazy eye |
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Nystagmus
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involuntary side to side movements of eye
spastic |
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Glaucoma
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#1 cause of blindness
pressure in eye due to not draining fluid interoccular pressure blocakge of canal of schlemm Medications to open up- laser surgery Problem: if not caught early -> blindness |
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Macular degeneration
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areas of no vision
eye creates an additional blind spot macular holes- no central vision |
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Thrombosis
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arteries get occluded and then a clot forms
Clot occurs at site of narrowing |
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Embolism
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Clot that forms somewhere but then traveled and got stuck in another place
Think: Emigrant |
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Aneurysm
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Ballooning of an artery
Weak arterior walls something you're born with and may never cause a problem |
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Hemorrhage
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Exploding of an aneurysm or vessel
Artery is broken |
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Focal Occlusion
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Tumor putting pressure on another vessel or tissue
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Aphasia
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Decefit in language
Receptive: Broca's Area Expressive: Wernicke's Area |
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Disinhibition
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Do things they would not otherwise do
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Decubiti
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Break down of skin
Bed sore |
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Dysarthria
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Difficulty mouthing words
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Ataxia
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incoordination
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Apraxia
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Ability to function spontaneously but cannot function when asked to
1. Limb apraxia 2. verbal apraxia |
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Agnosia
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Loss of recognition of certain sensory stimuli
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Tactile Amnesia
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Can explain object when in sight but cannot when not in sight using touch
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Propioception
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Knowing where your body parts are in space
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Simultaneous Processing
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Ability to do multiple things at once
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Hemianopsia
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Without half vision
Left CVA- cannot see anything on right Right CVA- cannot see things on left |
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Peripheral Vascular Disease
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problem getting blood circulation to periphery of body
example: arms, legs, nose |
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Varicose Veins
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Valves not completely closed
Results in back up of blood and puddles Painful |
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Phlebitis
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Vein inflammation
Can lead to thromophibitis then lead to Embuli Bacteria that's irritating vein |
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Buergers
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inflammatory changes in arterior walls
lead to amputations |
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Raynauds
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increase or decrease extremities
Veins contract and result in less blood flow False message Bad in winter |
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Disarticulation
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amputation through any joint
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hemicorporectomy
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amputation from waste down
only reason: cancer of pelvis not common |
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Prosthesis
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replaces body part
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Endoskeletal
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inside skeleton
example: hip replacement |
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Exoskeletal
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outside skeleton
example: prosthetic arm |
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Terminal Device
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what goes on end of prosthesis
ex: hook |
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Phantom limb pain
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amputation below the knee, brain does not know foot is gone
everything proxial gone everything distal is present nerves can still get stimulation from what used to be parts of the foot soon disappears |
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Piecemeal
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Take one amputation at a time
Not recommended Example: 1. Take toes 2. Ankele 3. Etc. |
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Orthosis
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assists a body part
Example: brace ortho= straight |
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Brittle Diabetes
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Through no fault of the person
Cannot maintain good control of blood sugar |
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Diabetes insipidus
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pituitary gland produces an antidiahhretic- tells how much fluid to maintain
Results: polydipsia- very thirsty Polyurea: multiple urination |
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Polydipsia
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very thirsty
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Polyurea
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Multiple urination
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Diabetes Mellitus
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sugar in urine: glycouria
disorder of carbohydrate metabolism cannot break down sugar because body not producing enough insulin |
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glycouria
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sugar in urine
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Type 1: Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
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Total obliteration of beta cells
occurs in childhood no insulin being produced injections necessary AKA: juevenile diabetes Develop betwen 21 years of age |
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Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
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Not dependent on insulin
Adult onset Not a total loss of beta cells Hereditary treatment with diet and exercise Pill: hypoglycemic agent Body not able to get enough energy from sugars |
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Hyperglycemia
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excessive sugar in blood because of lack of insulin to break it down
Body dispose of it through urine |
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Hypoglycemia
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too little blood sugar because of injection of too much insulin
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Polyphagia
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Excessive hunger
because no matter how much you eat, body cannot break down sugars to use it for energy Lose weight |
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Keytosis
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diabetic coma
results of polyphagia and body breaking down body fat to use as energy produces keytones- waste product of this activity |
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Vasculopathy
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vascular disease
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