Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Electrolyte (ion)
|
compounds when dissolved in H2O spearate into electrically charged particles which conduct electrical current
include: sodium (+) potassium (+) and chloride (-) |
|
|
Intracellular fluid
|
fluid inside cells
|
|
|
Extracellular fluid
|
fluid outside cells
|
|
|
Interstitial fluid
|
fluid between cells
|
|
|
Intravascular fluid
|
fluid in blood and lymph
|
|
|
2 extracellular ions
|
sodium and calcium
|
|
|
3 intracellular ions
|
potassium, magnesium, and phoshate
|
|
|
Dehydration
|
water deficiency disease
|
|
|
Major minerals
|
vital to health
require >/= 100mg/day |
|
|
Trace minerals
|
vital to health
require </= 100mg/day |
|
|
Mineral Bioavailability
|
how well an ingested mineral is absorbed by the body - dependant on many factors
|
|
|
Essential Electrolyte Nutrients
|
sodium, potassium, chloride
|
|
|
Bone Builder Nutrients
|
calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, fluoride
|
|
|
Nerve Impulse Transmitter Nutrients
|
sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium
|
|
|
Blood Fortifier/Formation and Clotting Nutrients
|
calcium, iron, copper
|
|
|
Salt is...
|
60% chloride
40% sodium |
|
|
Optimal Blood Pressure
|
<120/80
|
|
|
Pre-Hypertension BP
|
120/80 to 139/89
|
|
|
Stage 1 Hypertension BP
|
Systolic >/= 140-159
Diastolic >/= 90-99 |
|
|
Hypokalemia
|
low blood potassium
irregular heart rate potential fatal weakness, fatigue, constipation @ risk: diuretics, eat disorders, and alcoholics |
|
|
Hyperkalemia
|
high blood potassium
slow heart rate and cardiac arrest @ risk: people w/ poor kidney function |
|
|
Tetany
|
continuous, forceful contration of muscles and failure to relax. due to hypocalcemia or abnormal calcium metabolism
|
|
|
Osteoblast
|
bone building cells
active in growth years |
|
|
Osteoclast
|
bone cells on surface that dissolves bone
active in older years |
|
|
Cortical Bone
|
outer dense shell of bones
|
|
|
Trabecular Bone
|
hard, spongy network or rods, plates, and needlelike spines of bone that add strength w/out weight.
|
|
|
Bone type most effected by Osteoperosis?
|
Trabecular
|
|
|
Osteoperosis
|
bone disease characterized by a reduction in bone density
|
|
|
Hemoglobin
|
Fe containing protien in red blood cells that transports oxygen to body tissue and back to lungs
|
|
|
Myoglobin
|
Fe containing protien that transfers oxygen from red blood cells to skeletal and heart muscle cells
|
|
|
Heme iron
|
animal foods
most readily absorbed |
|
|
Non-heme iron
|
plant foods
|
|
|
Muscosal Block inhibits excess absorption of which 2 minerals?
|
Iron and Zinc
|
|
|
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
|
iron deficiency anemia
|
|
|
Hematocrit
|
% of total blood volume comprised of red blood cells
|
|
|
Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia (microcytic hypochromic anemia)
|
pale skin
fatigue thin, brittle, spoon shaped nails |
|
|
Groups at risk for iron deficiency
|
all age groups (inc infants) up through adolescence
childbearing females and pregnancy vegans |
|
|
SODIUM
Functions |
-positive extracellular ion
-maintains normal fluid balance -assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction |
|
|
Calcium Absorption
2 factors that improve |
-acidic upper GI tract
-vitamin D -estrogen -lactose and glucose -low calcium status (inc need) -pregnancy/growth (inc need) -normal intestinal motility -parathyroid hormone |
|
|
MAGNESIUM
Food Sources |
Chlorophyll - plants
whole grains/wheat bran legumes nuts and seeds leafy green vegetables brocolli chocolate |
|
|
Osteoporosis Fractures
3 most common fracture sites? |
hip
wrist vertebrae (spine) |
|
|
WATER
Functions |
-role in chemical reactions - as solvent, medium, and/or reactant
-transport of nutrients & oxygen -maintains blood volume and CV function -temperature regulation (sweat) -removal of waste -lubricant (saliva, bile, amniotic) |
|
|
POTASSIUM
Food Sources |
Fresh fruits and vegis
bananas oranges/oj cantaloupe potatoes/tomatoes legumes/lentils leafy greens/spinach salt substitutes |
|
|
Mineral with very high potential for toxicity - no physiological mechanism exists to prevent overabsorption
|
Selenium
|
|
|
CHLORIDE
Functions |
-negative extracellular ion
-maintains normal fluid & electrolyte balance -nerve impulse transmission -component of HCI in the stomach |
|
|
POTASSIUM
Toxicity |
-Hyperkalemia - occurs w/poor kidney function
-slowing of heart rate -can be fatal if heart slows to stop = cardiac arrest |
|
|
IODIDE
Defeciency Disease/Symptoms |
-goiter (greater enlarged thyroid gland)
-cretinism (stunted physical growth & mental development of fetus) during pregnancy - maternal needs take precedence over fetal needs -(Hypothyroidism = low basal metabolism) |
|
|
CALCIUM
Food Sources |
-dairy products best (not cottage cheese)
-tofu (if made w/ Ca carbonate) -sardines/canned salmon (edible bones) -fortified oj, soy milk, cereal, eggo waffles, bars, etc -spinich (low absorption due to oxalic acid) |
|
|
PHOSPHORUS
Functions |
-negative intracellular ion
-component of many enzymes, ATP, and cell membranes (as phospholipids) -part of bones and teeth (Ca phosphate) |
|
|
CALCIUM
Toxicity |
(>200mg/day)
-occurs from excess in supplement forms -irritability and headache -kidney stones and calcification (calcium deposits) of kidneys and other organs -interference w/ absorption of other minerals (iron, phosphorous, zinc) -constipation |
|
|
MAGNESIUM
Functions |
-positive intracellular ions
-cofactor for >300 enzymes (ATP) -bone structure/health & mineralization -aids cardiac and nerve function -intake meeting DRI may help lower BP |
|
|
SELENIUM
Functions |
-antioxidant
-works w/Vit E to neutralize free radicals (adequate intake spares some of the body's need for vit E - prevents free radical damage) |
|
|
FLUORIDE
Functions |
-strengthens developing teeth (enamel) to resist acid decay
-inhibits growth of bacteria to resist cavities (dental caries) -promots mineralization of bones (stonger bones) |
|
|
IRON
Functions |
-energy metabolism (aerobic respiration) = most important function
-synthesis of hemoglobin -synthesis of myoglobin -immune function -cognitive development -many other important functions |
|
|
ZINC
Deficiency Symptoms |
-stunted growth
-delayed/impaired sexual maturation -immune dysfunction -delayed wound healing -decreased taste sensitivity and loss of appetite -(Alopecia = loss of hair) -(Severe, even fatal diarrhea) |
|
|
IODINE
Food Sources |
-seafood and saltwater fish
-iodized salt (sea salt not a good source) -molasses |
|
|
CALCIUM
Functions |
-bone/teeth development & maintenance
-nerve impulse transmission -muscle contraction -blood clotting (need Ca) -reduce risk colon cancer -may lower BP @ DRI levels |
|
|
COPPER
Functions |
-iron metabolism, absorption,transport
-component of several enzymes - those involved in connective tissue metabolism - collagen & elastin AND also antioxidant enzymes. |
|
|
PHOSPHORUS
Food Sources |
-rarely deficient in diet
dairy products meats, fish, poultry, eggs whole grains nuts processed foods soda |
|
|
SELENIUM
Toxicity Symptoms |
-excessive supplement use
nausea vomiting diarrhea hair loss changes in finger and toe nails skin rash cirrhosis of liver |
|
|
IRON
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
-microcytic hypochromic anemia
pale skin fatigue reduced work/exer performance impaired growth/cognitive dev poor resistance to cold temps impaired immune function increased infection risk thin brittle spoon shaped nails |
|
|
FLUORIDE
Toxicity Symptoms |
(rapid toxicity - TUL 10mg/d)
nausea vomiting diarrhea abdominal pain cardiac/respiratory insufficiency mottling (spots on teeth - kids - chronic excess during tooth dev) |
|
|
IRON
Food Sources |
red meat and pork
liver seafood especially clams legumes tofu whole and enriched grains/cereal raisins and dried fruits cooked in iron cookware |
|
|
IODINE
Functions |
synthesis of thyroid hormones (regulates basal metabolism and promotes growth, development and organ maturation including brain. Especially important to fetal growth.
|
|
|
ZINC
Functions |
cofactor many enzymes
growth and sexual organ develop immune system function wound healing taste sensitivity (acuity) |
|
|
POTASSIUM
Deficiency Disease |
Hypokalemia
irregular heart beat - life threat @risk: use of some diuretics, eating disorder, unhealthy diets (low fruit/veg), alcoholism, athletes in vigorous training |
|
|
ZINC
Food Sources |
red meats
seafood (especially oysters) legumes nuts whole grains (not part of enrichment process) |
|
|
POTASSIUM
Functions |
positive intracellular ion
maintains fluid balance nerve impulse transmission muscle contraction (intake meet DRI may lower BP) |
|
|
SODIUM
Food Sources |
processed foods
cured meats fast food snack foods - chips/pretzels canned vegi, soup, entrees cheese seasoning mixes/gravy pickles, especially dill soy sauce |
|
|
WATER
Toxicity Symptoms |
dilutes electrolyte levels in blood
causes swelling of cells(espbrain) exceed kidney ability to excrete headache blurred vision muscle cramps eventual convulsions possible death (cerebral edema) |
|
|
IRON
Toxicity Symptoms |
Children:
-very young large supplement dose can be fatal (60mg) -leading cause of poisening <6yr -supplements must warn -leads to GI symptoms, respiratory collapse and death Adults: -Hemochromatosis -nausea, vomiting, stomach irritation, diarrhea, liver disease, heart failure |
|
|
ZINC
Toxicity Symptoms |
nausea
vomiting diarrhea loss of appetite intestinal cramps interferes w/ copper absorb impaired immune system caution when use as cold relief |
|
|
WATER
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Dehydration
|
|
|
WATER
Food Sources |
beverages: water, coffee, juice
liquid foods: soups, broths solid foods: fruits and vegis |
|
|
SODIUM
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Hyponatremia
headache nausea vomiting fatigue constipation irregular heartbeat |
|
|
SODIUM
Toxicity Symptoms |
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
heart disease stroke |
|
|
CHLORIDE
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Unlikely
weakness anorexia lethargy |
|
|
CHLORIDE
Food Sources |
table salt
seaweed olives rye lettuce |
|
|
CHLORIDE
Toxicity Symptoms |
can increase blood pressure
|
|
|
CALCIUM
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
no disease
meet DRI may prevent colon cancer, kidney stones, lower BP high amounts may prevent accumulated body fat |
|
|
PHOSPHORUS
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
bone loss
decreased growth poor tooth development ricket symptoms in kids anorexia weight loss weakness irritability stiff joints bone pain |
|
|
PHOSPHORUS
Toxicity Symptoms |
Hyperphosphatemia
calcium-phosphorus precipatates to form in body tissue poor kidney function is the common cause |
|
|
MAGNESIUM
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
irregular heartbeat
weakness muscle spasm disorientation nausea vomiting seizures increased risk of metabolic syndrome |
|
|
MAGNESIUM
Toxicity Symptoms |
diarrhea
weakness nausea slowed breathing eventual malaise, coma, death |
|
|
COPPER
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
anemia
decreased white blood cell counts (leukopenia/neutropenia) skeletal abnormalities increased risk neurological disorders |
|
|
COPPER
Food Sources |
liver
shellfish nuts seeds mushrooms soy products dark chocolate legumes whole grain products some tap water |
|
|
COPPER
Toxicity Symptoms |
Wilson's Disease (genetic disord)
abdominal pain nausea vomiting diarrhea sever - copper in liver & brain: cirrhosis and neurological damage liver damage |
|
|
IODINE
Toxicity Symptoms |
Hypothyroidism
autoimmune thyroid disease thyroid cancer |
|
|
SELENIUM
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Keshan Disease - cardiac function
change in thyroid hormone metabolism increase risk certain cancers |
|
|
SELENIUM
Food Sources |
seafood
meats cereal grains nuts (depends on content in soil where food grown or grazed) |
|
|
CHROMIUM
Functions |
not fully known
may enhance insulin action promote glucose uptake into cells normalize blood sugar levels |
|
|
CHROMIUM
Deficiency Desease/Symptoms |
weight loss
glucose intolerance nerve damage |
|
|
CHROMIUM
Food Sources |
processed meats
liver eggs whole grain products brocolli mushrooms dried beans nuts dark chocolate |
|
|
CHROMIUM
Toxicity Symptoms |
No TUL
concern on the high levels that some athletes are consuming. more studies needed |
|
|
FLUORIDE
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Dental caries (cavities)
|
|
|
FLUORIDE
Food Sources |
fluoridated water
tea seafood seaweed toothpaste tooth rinse mouthwash |
