Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
fat sources |
brain, skeleton, adipose |
|
essential fat in men |
3% |
|
essential fat in women |
12% |
|
storage fat in men |
10-25% |
|
storage fat in women |
18-30% |
|
fat free mass |
water, protein, minerals |
|
what is LBM? |
lean body mass, muscle! |
|
LBM in men vs women |
great in men! |
|
LBM increases with what? |
exercise
|
|
major determinant of RMR |
LBM |
|
white adipose tissue |
energy reserved fir triglycerides, cushion, insulates to preserve heat |
|
brown adipose tissue |
rapid energy source for infants, extensive vascularization for energy and heat production |
|
location of lots of mitochondria |
brown adipose tissue! (keep warm) |
|
function of brown adipose tissue |
takes up fat and burns it |
|
adipocyte |
mature fat cell |
|
fill capacity of adipocyte |
80-95% |
|
hyperplasia |
increase in number of cells |
|
hypertrophy |
increased fat cell size up to 1000x |
|
wt loss required to decrease fat cell size |
5% |
|
protein and CHO converted to fat by what |
lipoprotein |
|
semivolatile organic compounds |
toxins, chemicals, pesticides |
|
when does the liver store fat |
when it becomes overwhelmed |
|
lipoprotein lipase |
moves lipid from blood into adipocyte |
|
greatly effects LPL |
hormones |
|
LPL increases when |
during period of weight gain |
|
% RMR of total energy expenditure |
60-70% |
|
activity thermogenesis |
most variable |
|
non-exercise activity |
stand for 2.5 hrs per day to reverse obesity (fidgety people) |
|
short term body wt regulation |
1. satiety (satisfaction) 2. hunger 3. appetite |
|
long term body wt regulation |
feedback mechanism where signal from adipose tissue is released when normal body composition is disturbed |
|
adipocytokines |
protein messangers |
|
grhelin |
"go" hinger pangs |
|
leptin |
"stop" signals fullness |
|
insulin |
controls amount of glucose in the blood moving it into cells for energy |
|
adiponectin |
made by fat cells and helps the body respond better to insulin by increasing metabolism |
|
never dealing with hunger |
vagus nerve |
|
set point theory |
a weight regulating mechanism, located in the hypothalamus of the brain, regulates how much the body should weigh. -maintains fat body needs |
|
% adults overweight |
66% |
|
% adults obese |
32% |
|
children overweight |
1/3 ages 2-19 |
|
factors contributing to obesity |
-heredity (50-70%) -notable genes -lifestyle |
|
foods promoting obesity |
-trans fat -processed fat |
|
foods inhibiting obesity |
-omega 3 -phitochem -antioxidents |
|
sleep effects obesity |
shortened sleep alters endocrine regulation of hunger and appetite |
|
stress effects obesity |
cortisol increases, increases storage levels |
|
obesogens |
chemical compounds foreign to the body that disrupts normal metabolism of lipids
|
|
BMI overweight |
25-29.9
|
|
BMI obese |
>30 |
|
BMI morbidly overweight |
>40 |
|
best assessment |
waist circumference |
|
waist circumference female and male |
>40 men >35 female |
|
BF % |
20-35% males 25-32% females |
|
about of wt to lose |
1-2 / week |
|
decrease kcals per day |
500-1000 |
|
BMI needs drugs for wt loss |
>30 or >27 with risk factors |
|
how do wt loss drugs work |
-reduce appetite -reduce fat absorbance 0increase energy expenditure |
|
sibutramine (Meridia) |
increase metabolic rate, increase satienty and reduce hunger, fairly effective. caution of hypternsion |
|
Orlistat (Xenical. Alli) |
reduce fat absorption |
|
BMI for bariatric surgery |
>40 or >35 with cormobilities |
|
surgery for those who eat large (not snackers) |
adjustable gastric band |
|
capacity of stomach for adjustable gastric band |
10-15mL |
|
removes 80% of stomach where 90% of ghrelin is made |
vertical band gastroplasty surgery |
|
roux-N-Y |
small portion of stomach connected directly to the jejunum (limiting whats absorbed) |
|
Bilipancreactic Diversion-Duodenal Switch |
stomach attached to last 250cm of SI (ileum) (have to take multivitamin everyday) |
|
common post-op micronutrient def. |
-Thiamin -vitamin B12 -folic acid-iron -Ca and vit D -Vit A, E, K and Zinc -copper |
|
Thiamin def symptoms |
burning feet, neuropathy, vomiting |
|
Vitamin B12 def symptoms |
-numbness and tingling in fingers -low Hgb, high MCV and MCH |
|
folic acid def symptoms |
fatigue. weakness. headache. diff concentrating, diarrhea, red painful tongue |
|
iron def symptoms |
craving ice, non-food materials, pallor, short breath spoon shaped nails |
|
diabetes def |
high blood glucose concentrations as a result of defects of insulin secretion or action |
|
labs for glu intolerance |
2 hrs post glu 140-199 mg/dL |
|
labs for impaired fasting glucose |
110-125 mg/dL |
|
usually not obese |
Type 1 |
|
excessive thirst and hunger |
type 1 |
|
frequent urination |
type 1 |
|
sig wt loss |
type 1 |
|
destruction of pancreatic beta cells = insulin def |
type 1 |
|
hyperglycemia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance |
type 1 |
|
5% of all DM |
type 1 |
|
common age for type 1 |
<30 |
|
2 forms of type 1 |
1. immune mediated DM 2. Idiopathic Type 1 DM |
|
immune mediated DM |
autoimmune destruction of beta cells |
|
idopathic type 1 DM |
unknown etiology |
|
90-95% cases of DM |
type 2 |
|
develops gradually |
type 2 |
|
type 2 BMI risk factor |
>25 |
|
ethnicity common for type 2 |
hispanic, native american, asian, asian american |
|
results from combination of -insulin resistance -damaged beta cells -dec insulin production overtime |
type 2 |
|
gestational diabetes |
pregnant diabetes |
|
% diabetes in pregnancies |
7 |
|
trimester diagnoses of gestational |
2nd or 3rd |
|
cause of gestational diabetes |
insulin antagonist hormone levels rise and insulin resistance occurs |
|
who should be screened for dm? |
>45, repeat every 3 years |
|
s/s of insulin resistance |
gray brown spots on skin |
|
diabetes treatment goals |
-FPG <100 -hemoglobin A1c <7% |
|
blood pressure for diabetes |
< 130/80 |
|
diabetic ketoacidosis |
body depends on fat for energy ketones form and spill into urine --> acidosis |
|
s/s of diabetic ketoacidosis |
polyuria, polydipsia, hyperventilation, dehydration -lead to coma and death |
|
treatment for DKA |
insulin, fluid and electrolyte replacement |
|
fasting hyperglycemia |
lack of enough insulin for all night -3am check |
|
hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state |
extremely high BG 600-2000 |
|
gastroparesis |
delayed or irregular contractions of the GI tract |
|
insulin resistance |
normal insulin production fails to produce a normal insulin response from fat, muscle and liver cells |
|
insulin resistance s/s |
-sleepy -hyperglycemia -wt gain -inc BP -inc TG -depression |
|
insulin resistance treatment |
-exercise and wt loss -medications |
|
sulfonlyunrea target |
pancreas |
|
sulfonlyunrea action |
stimulate insulin secretion |
|
meglitinides target |
pancreas |
|
meglitinides action |
increase insulin secretion in presence of glucose |
|
biguanides target |
liver |
|
biguanides action |
reduce liver glucose production, enhance insulin sensitivity, inc intestinal glucose absorption |
|
thiazolidinediones target |
muscle, fat, liver |
|
thiazolidinediones action |
dec insulin resistance, suppress glucose production in liver |
|
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors target |
small intestines |
|
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors action |
reduce CHO metabolism, delays glucose absorption by 1/3 |
|
glucovance-sulfonlyurea/ biguanide |
stimulate insulin secretion/ dec hepatic glucose |
|
avabdamet-TZD/ biguanide |
insulin sensitizer / dec hepatic glucose |
|
metaglip-sulfonylurea/ biguanide |
stimulate insulin secretion/ dec hepatic glucose |
|
time for rapid acting |
30min-1hr |
|
time for short acting |
4-6 hr |
|
time for intermediate acting |
10-12hr |
|
time for long acting |
12 hr |
|
carbohydrate / activity |
15g for every 30-60 min |
|
exercise prescription |
150min min /week |
|
1 serving size CHO |
15 g |