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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oswald T Avery |
Discovered the transforming principle was DNA, not RNA nor proteins |
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Erwin Chargaff |
- base composition varies among different species - bases occur at specific ratios that demonstrate that adenine bonds to thymine, while cytosine bonds to guanine (AT, CG) |
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Hershey and chase |
Proved DNA coded for genes and not protein |
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Rosalind Franklin |
Discovered the double helix structure |
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Watson and Crick |
- Produced accurate model of the structure of DNA - Hydrogen bonds connect base pairs - phosphates and sugars are along the outside |
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Four bases of DNA |
Cytosine Thymine Adenine Guanine |
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4 bases of RNA |
Cytosine Uracil Adenine Guanine |
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Polymer |
One strand of DNA is a polymer of nucleotides |
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Primary structure |
Chains of amino acids joined through sulfer bonds. These for helical structures or sheets. |
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Secondary structure |
3 dimensional amino acid chains forming either alpha helix or beta plated sheets |
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Tertiary structure |
Groups of amino acids bonded by primarily non covalent bonds |
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Quaternary structure |
Groups of proteins held together by weak ionic bonds |
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DNA nucleotide |
- a nucleotide composed of deoxyribose sugar attached to a phosphate - backbone of DNA - the sugar is attached to a base (ATCG) |
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Prokaryotes |
No nucleus |
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Eukaryotes |
Has a nucleus |
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Proteins |
Amino acid chains that carry out specific functions |
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Purine |
Bases composed of two cyclic carbon rings - guanine - adenine |
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Pyrimidines |
Bases composed of one cyclic carbon rings - cytosine - uracil (only in RNA) - thymine (only in DNA) |
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Gene |
A continuous strands of DNA that codes for one functional protein |
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Genome |
An organisms entire set of genes |
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DNA helicase |
An enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs |
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Single stranded binding proteins |
SSBPs prevent separated single strand DNA from rejoining |
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RNA primase |
An enzyme that build complementary short strands of RNA. These are used as a starting point for the synthesis of a new DNA strand |
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DNA polymerase 3 |
An enzyme that travels along the template DNA strand - adds new nucleotides to the 3 prime end of the RNA primer - new strand forms 5 prime to 3 prime |
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Continuous strand |
When DNA polymerase travels towards the replication fork |
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Discontinuous strand |
DNA polymerase travels away from the replication fork |
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Nucleoside triphophate |
An energy source for DNA polymerase 3 |
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Nucleoside triphophate |
An energy source for DNA polymerase 3 |
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Leading strand |
A newly synthesized and continuous DNA strand that is formed as DNA polymerase moves towards the replication fork |
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Lagging strand |
A discontinuous strand that is formed as DNA polymerase and moves away from the replication fork - these sections are called okazoki fragments |
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DNA polymerase 1 |
An enzyme that removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides |
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DNA ligase |
Joins DNA strands - okazoki fragments require this numerous times |
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Exonucleases |
Enzymes that correct errors made by DNA polymerase |
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Transcription |
Occurs within the nucleus and produces mRNA |
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Translation |
Occurs in the cytoplasm and produces proteins |
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Splicing |
Removal of introns (non coding RNA) and retention of exons (coding sequences) |
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Alternative splicing |
Retention of different exons generate different versions of mRNA |
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GTA cap |
The 5’ mRNA end is protected and modified for further processing |
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Poly A tailing |
The 3’ mRNA end is protected and modified for further processing |
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UTR |
Untranslated regions |
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Initiation |
Insertion of mRNA into the ribosome |
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Elongation |
The synthesis of an amino acid chain |
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Termination |
The release of mRNA from the ribosome and the completion of a single strand of amino acid which forms a protein |
