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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Motivation |
Internal processes that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activities. |
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Need |
An internal deficiency that may energize behavior |
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Drive |
The psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals, for example, hunger, thirst, or a drive for success. |
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Response |
Any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior. |
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Goal |
The target or objective of motivated behavior |
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Incentive Value |
The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need |
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Biological Motives |
Innate motives based on biological needs |
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Stimulus Motives |
Innate needs for stimulation and information |
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Learned Motives |
Motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals |
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Homeostasis |
A steady state of body equilibrium |
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Circadian Rythms |
Cyclical changes in body functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day |
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Hierarchy of Human needs |
Abraham Maslow's ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency |
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Basic needs |
The first four levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs. |
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Growth needs |
In Maslow's hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization |
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Meta-needs |
In Maslow's hierarchy, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization |
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Intrinsic motivation |
Motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards; motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity |
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Extrinsic motivation |
Motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors |
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Emotion |
A state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings |
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Adaptive behaviors |
Actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions |
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Physiological Changes (in emotion) |
Alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses |
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Emotional Expressions |
Outward signs that an emotion is occurring |
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Emotional Feelings |
The private, subjective experience of having an emotion |
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Basic emotions |
According to Robert Plutchik's theory, the most fundamental emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance. |
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Mood |
A low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state |
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Hypothalamus |
A small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior |
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Set point (for fat) |
The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating |
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Taste Aversion |
An active dislike for a particular food |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
Active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins |
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Bulimia nervosa |
Excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives |
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Behavioral Dieting |
Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habit, rather than temporary self-starvation |
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Extracellular Thirst |
Thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells |
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Intracellular Thirst |
Thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell |
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Sex drive |
The strength of one's motivation to engage in sexual behavior |
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Estrus |
Changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat |
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Estrogen |
Any of a number of female sex hormones |
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Androgen |
Any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone |
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Arousal Theory |
Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal |
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Yerkes-Dodson law |
A summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance |
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Test anxiety |
High levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance |
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Social motives |
Learned motives acquired as part of a growing up in a particular society or culture |
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Need for achievement (nAch) |
The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence |
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Need for Power |
The desire to have social impact and control over others |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
The system of nerves that connects the brain with the internal organs and glands |
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Sympathetic branch |
A part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the body at times of stress |
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Parasympathetic branch |
A part of the autonomic nervous system that quiets the body and conserves energy |
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Polygraph |
A device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response; commonly called a "lie detector" |
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Guilty knowledge test |
Polygraph procedure involving testing people with knowledge only a guilty person could know |
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Amygdala |
A part of the limbic system (within the brain) that produces fear responses |
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Alexithymia |
A learned difficulty expressing emotions; more common in men |
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Kinesics |
Study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facial expressions; commonly called body language. |
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James-Lange Theory |
States that emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal |
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Cannon-Bard Theory |
States that activity in the thalamus causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously |
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Schachter's Cognitive Theory |
States that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues |
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Attribution |
The mental process of assigning causes to events. In emotion, the process of attributing arousal to a particular source |
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Emotional Appraisal |
Evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation |
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Facial feedback hypothesis |
States that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels. |
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Emotional Intelligence |
The ability to perceive, use, understand and manage emotions |