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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In Lincoln's plan for reconstruction, what did a Confederate state need to do to qualify for readmission into the Union
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Ten percent of the voting population needed to take an oath of allegiance before forming a new government
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What was the goal of the Wade-Davis bill
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To guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law
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What did former slaves hope to gain from the Reconstruction labor transformation
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Land ownership
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What did “Sherman land” and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands demonstrate to Southerners about Reconstruction
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The policies convinced ex-slaves that they would become independent landowners
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Why did many slaves travel immediately after gaining freedom
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They wanted to reunite with their families
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Who opposed President Johnson's reconstruction plan
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Republican legislators
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What was the shared emphasis of Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans
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Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment
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What did President Johnson do after Mississippi's rejection of legislation that outlawed slavery and to South Carolina's refusal to renounce secession
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Johnson refused to intervene
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What was the purpose of the black codes passed in 1865
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To subordinate blacks to whites
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How did moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differ in 1865
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Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freemen, while Radicals did
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How did the Fourteenth Amendment deal with voting rights
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It gave Congress the right to reduce an intransigent state’s representation
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Who was disappointed in the voting rights provisions in the Fourteenth Amendment
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Advocates of female suffrage
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According to the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, what did a state have to do before gaining readmission to Congress
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Write a new constitution that guaranteed black suffrage
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Andrew Johnson was impeached on what charge
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That he violated the Tenure of Office Act
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Describe the Fifteenth Amendment.
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It extended black male suffrage to the entire nation |
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What was the real result of the Fifteenth Amendment
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It was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states
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Who made up the majority of the Republican Party in the South in the late 1800s
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African Americans
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What types of reforms did the new southern state constitutions mandated by the Reconstruction Acts introduce
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Universal male suffrage
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What was the result of Republican campaigns for public education in the South during the Reconstruction period
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Literacy rates rose sharply across the South
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What problem plagued the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South
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Corruption
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Why did African Americans prefer sharecropping to wage labor
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Sharecropping freed blacks from the day-to-day supervision of whites
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What happened to most sharecroppers once they borrowed goods on a crop lien
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They ended up in a cycle of debt
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How did Congress respond to southern Republicans' pleas for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan
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Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1875
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By 1872, many Republican leaders had come to believe that which group offered the best hope for honesty, order, and prosperity in the South
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Traditional white leadership
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What was the result of the election of 1874
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Democrats gained control of the House of Representatives
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By the early 1870s, what had happened to the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866
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They had been mostly abandoned by Northerners
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Who were the Redeemers in the South
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Southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South
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What was the result of the presidential election of 1876
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Samuel Tilden won the popular vote but fell one vote short of victory in the Electoral College
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The election controversy ended with the Compromise of 1877; describe the Compromise
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Southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South
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What was the result of the Compromise of 1877
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The Compromise spelled the end of Reconstruction
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Who supported the Wilmot Proviso
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Northerners who wanted to reserve new land for white settlers.
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Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the doctrine of popular sovereignty; what did that measure allow
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People who settled the territories to decide whether or not they wanted slavery
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What did the Whigs do in an attempt to reunite their party during the presidential campaign of 1848
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remain silent on the issue of slavery
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Which issue in the debate of 1849–1850 led to the Compromise of 1850
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The balance of power between the North and the South in Congress
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Per the Compromise of 1850, which state entered the union as a free state
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California
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What was a requirement of the Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850
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All citizens were expected to assist officials in apprehending runaway slaves
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Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) influence Northerners' attitudes toward slavery
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The novel put forth a stirring moral indictment of slavery
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Why did the Whigs lose the election of 1852
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They were less successful than the Democrats in bridging differences between Northern and Southern views
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Why did the United States negotiate the Gadsden Purchase in 1853
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To support the dream of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad
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In 1854, why did Stephen A. Douglas sponsor the Kansas-Nebraska Act and include a section repealing the Missouri Compromise
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Douglas needed southern support to pass his legislation
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What did the federal government do to the Plains Indians who lived in what became Nebraska
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The federal government pushed them farther west
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How did American politics change in the aftermath of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
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The Whig Party disintegrated
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Why did the American Party, or Know-Nothings, appear in the mid-1850s
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a reaction to large numbers of Roman Catholics coming to the United States
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What was the common thread that wove together northern men into the Republican Party in 1854
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The opposition to the extension of slavery into any territory in the United States
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What led to the demise of the Know-Nothing party in the mid-1850s
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It endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, alienating northerners.
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What did the presidential election of 1856 reveal
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The strength of the new Republican Party
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What happened when the first territorial legislature in Kansas met
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Legislators enacted tough proslavery laws
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In the mid-1850s, what was Abraham Lincoln's search for a political home based upon
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Opposition to the extension of slavery in the United States
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What did Abraham Lincoln personally believe about slavery
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Slavery was morally wrong
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Who, according to Abraham Lincoln, had the responsibility to stop the spread of slavery
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Congress
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What did Douglas argue in what became known as the Freeport Doctrine
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Settlers could ban slavery by not passing the laws necessary to protect slave property
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What was the result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates
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Abraham Lincoln became nationally known
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What happened when Democrats met to choose a presidential candidate in Charleston, South Carolina
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The party divided into southern and northern factions
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What made Abraham Lincoln an attractive candidate for the Republican nomination
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He represented the crucial state of Illinois
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As a result of Southerners feeling so much hostility toward the Republican Party during the presidential election of 1860, what action was taken by 10 states
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Ten states refused to allow Lincoln’s name to appear on the ballot
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Which was the first state to secede from the Union after Lincoln's election
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South Carolina
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Who became the president of the new Confederate States of America
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Jefferson Davis
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Why did the slave states of the Upper South initially reject secession
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The Upper South did not have as great a stake in slavery as the states in the Lower South
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How did James Buchanan respond as the secession crisis loomed over the final weeks of his presidential administration
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Remained in Washington and did nothing
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Why did some states in the Upper South opt for secession from the Union
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They felt betrayed, believing that Lincoln had promised to achieve a peaceful reunion
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How many of the fifteen slave states joined the Confederacy
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11
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Why did white Southerners from all classes enlist to fight Yankees
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They wanted to ensure that blacks remained subordinate to whites
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What irony emerges when considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis
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The inexperienced Lincoln proved to be a more adept leader than the seasoned Davis
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What disadvantage did the South face when it came to supplying the Confederate armies
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It lacked the resources available to the North
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What was the significance of the first battle at Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861
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The Union’s defeat encouraged Lincoln to authorize the enlistment of one million more men for three years
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Where did the bloodiest day of the Civil War, September 17, 1862, occur
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Antietam Creek, Maryland
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Who led the Union forces to victory at the Battle of Shiloh
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Ulysses S. Grant
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What was the significance of the Battle of Shiloh
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The Union victory ruined the Confederacy’s chances to take control of the West
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Why did President Lincoln choose not to make the Civil War a struggle over slavery
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He doubted his power to tamper with the “domestic institutions” of any state
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What did Lincoln consider the biggest obstacle to the acceptance of emancipation in the Union
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White fears that freed slaves would disrupt Northern society
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How did Abraham Lincoln justify the Emancipation Proclamation
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A military necessity
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Describe African Americans’ experiences in the Union army
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The Union placed blacks in segregated units
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Why did the “twenty-Negro law” enrage many white Southerners during the Civil War
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It exempted from military service one white man on every plantation with twenty or more slaves
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What did Southern clergymen think about the Civil War
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They believed God had blessed slavery and the new nation
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Aside from leading to the legal destruction of slavery, how did the Civil War itself help destroy slavery in practice
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The discipline necessary to keep slavery intact was disrupted
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How did Republicans generate the economic power they needed to fight a successful war in the early 1860s
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they revolutionized U.S. banking, monetary and tax structures
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What was the purpose of the 1862 Homestead Act
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The act offered Western land to settlers who would live and labor on it
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What was the result of strikes by workers in northern industries during the Civil War
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They rarely succeeded.
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Who went on to found the Red Cross after serving as a nurse in Union battlefield units during the war
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Clara Barton
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How did President Lincoln attempt to stifle opposition to the war
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Lincoln suppressed free speech
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What was the result of the Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863
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The Union army’s victory opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River
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Which general won the battle of Gettysburg
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George G. Meade
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After his victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1864, what action did General Ulysses S. Grant take
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He launched a massive military campaign that would take his troops on a sweep through Virginia down to Louisiana
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What was General William T. Sherman's strategy for defeating the Confederates in Georgia in 1864
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He orchestrated a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of the southern people
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Describe the fighting between Generals Grant and Lee in Virginia in May and June of 1864
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More union soldiers died, but because Grant had twice as many troops as Lee, his losses were equivalent.
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What problem did President Lincoln face during the election of 1864
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The Democrats had an excellent chance of winning
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When the Civil War ended, how did President Lincoln view his postwar burdens
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Feared they would weigh almost as heavily as those of wartime
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How did Northerners view the war once it began
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As a struggle to preserve the Union
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What event marked the official beginning of armed hostilities between the North and South
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Confederates firing on Fort Sumter
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In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville observed that the major differences between the North and South revolved around
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The southern institution of slavery
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After 1820, what caused slavery to become more profitable, which in turn increased the South's political power
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Cotton production expanded to the West
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By 1860, what percentage of the world's supply of cotton was produced in the southern United States
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75%
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What was the primary cause of the growth in the southern slave population between 1790 and 1869
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Natural reproduction
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How did the institution of slavery affect social relations in the South
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Whites were unified around race rather than divided by social class
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Characterize white Southerners in the antebellum South in relation to slave ownership
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Most white Southerners did not own slaves
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Historians use the term planter to identify whites who owned at least how many slaves
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Twenty
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What staple crop was grown almost exclusively along a narrow strip of coast stretching from the Carolinas into Georgia
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Rice
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How important was agriculture to the economy of the North
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It combined with commerce and manufacturing in a mixed economy
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Prior to the Civil War, why did the South remain agriculturally based instead of diversifying its economy
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Planters made good profits and feared economic change.
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What was a consequence of the South's lack of economic diversity
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Newly arrived European immigrants tended to settle in the North
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How did larger planters have the time to concentrate on marketing and finance while still running a profitable plantation
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They hired overseers to go the fields with the slaves
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As the price of slaves continued to rise, why did masters begin to treat their slaves marginally better
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It was in the master’s best interest to treat his slaves well enough so they could have children
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How did slaves manipulate planters' emphasis on paternalism
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Slaves sometimes negotiated concessions like small garden plots
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What did southern men need in order to achieve high social standing and success in the world of politics
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An honorable reputation
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Describe the daily lives of southern women on the plantation
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They worked long hours performing plantation duties
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By 1860, the slave system existed
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In almost every industry
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The majority of plantation slaves worked as
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Field hands
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The rarest job on the plantation for slaves was that of driver, what did the driver do
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Made sure all slaves worked hard
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Why did planters promote Christianity in the slave quarters
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They believed Christianity would make slaves more obedient
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What did African American Christianity, created by slaves themselves, emphasize
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Justice
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What happened to most runaway slaves
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They were caught and returned
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In 1860, the largest number of white Southerners
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Were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers
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How did yeomen in the plantation belt of the South feel about wealthy planters
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They relied on planters to ship and sell their cotton for them
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The economy of the upcountry South depended on
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Barter
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What percentage of nonslaveholding rural white men were landless and very poor
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25%
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Most free blacks in the antebellum South
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Lacked education
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The goal of most free blacks in the South was to
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Preserve their own freedom
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By the 1850s, the political system of the white South
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Had extended suffrage to all adult white males
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What did the leaders of the Whig and Democratic parties have in common
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They declared allegiance to republican equality
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Elite Southerners maintained their power over the yeoman majority by
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Convincing yeomen of their shared interests
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