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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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retrograde
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the retrograde of a melodic line is that line written backwards
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inversion
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the inversion of a melodic likne is that line written upside down
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scale
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a progression of pitches that begins on one note and arrives at the note vibrating twice as fast as the first'
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major/minor
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differentiated by placement of the 2 half steps in an 8 note western scale
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whole tone scale
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6 notes, no half steps
used by Debussy and Ravel when all steps are equal the music sounds free of a tonal center |
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pentatonic
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5 pitches in an octave
used in eastern music utilised by Hovahness |
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tonic
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"home key"
the first note in the scale in which a piece is composed, the first note in the triad |
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dominant
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the fifth note in the scale in which a piece is composed
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theme
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a melody that recurs and is sometimes varied
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motif
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a fragment of a theme that recurs and is sometimes varied
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ostinato/wheel
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short fragment of a motif that is repeated exactly
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drone
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1 tone held or repeated
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significance of theme, motif, ostinato, drone
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all components of composition used to provide compositional unity - amount of material needed gets less as we try to avoid progressive tonality
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absolute music
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music that refers to no external reference
Mozart, Schoenberg's 'Variations for Orchestra' |
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Programmatic music
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no text, intrumental music that communicates a piece of literature wil plot narrative through tones.
Strauss's 'Don Quixote', Berlioz's 'Symphonie Fantastique,' |
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Sonata
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a multimovement work for soloist and accompaniment, the ouside movements are fast and the second movement is slow
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pitch
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"note" a tone that can be sung
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melody
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a succession of pitches forming a tune
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harmony
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the coincidence of two or more pitches
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texture
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the number and kind of instruments involved in a piece of music and/or their relationships to one another
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monophony
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unison texture - everyone is doing only melody
not synchrony! |
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homophony
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melody supported by an accompaniment of chords (vertical arrangement)
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polyphony/counterpoint
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harmonic texture resulting formthe layering of 2 or more melodies
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call and response
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responsorical texture, call (solo) and response (plurality)
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canon
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one melody with many repeated transpositions,imitations and variations
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antiphony
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call (more than one voice) and repsonse (plurality)
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rhythm
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the relative durations of musical sound - longer or shorter
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meter (polymeter or mixed meter)
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regular groupings of strong and weak pulses, meters are either triple or double
polymeter is the use of two or more metric frameworks simultaneous. its use confuses the listener because you cannot predict wherethe stresses will occur |
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timbre
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a particular sound made by a specific instrument, differed by the combination of overtones, dependent on make of instrument
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dynamics
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relative loudness of softeness of musical sounds
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tempo: allegro, andante, adagio
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the relative speed at which a piece of music progresses
allegro - fast andante - medium adagio - slow |
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articulation
staccato, legato |
themanner in which a musical sound is articulated and released
staccato, articulation in which notes are separated from one another legato -...connected to one another |
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form
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the architectural blue print of a piece of music
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sonata-allegro form
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the proper way of composing first and last movements in the Classical period
1Exposition: home key I. tonic - A themes, melodies V. dominant B themes 2. V. Development - fragments of A and B, harmonic travel 3. I. Recapitulation - A themes, B themes in tonic |
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progressive tonality/functional harmony
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one pitch ismost important to a piece, and through use of triads there is movement away from the tonal center and back again. as the 19th c went forward, composers made their peices longer by increasing the breafth of their harmonic spread/span/progression
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atnoality
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no particular system governms the pitch progressions of the music
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polytonality
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the use of more than one key simultaneously
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microtonality
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theory based on natural intervals and mathematically derived from vibratory proportions
Harry Partch |
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periodic phrasing
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a pair of phrases, symmetrical in shap, that tend to take on question and answer form. ex: first sstarts in home key and ends elsewhere (question), then second resolves (answer)
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concerto
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a multivemovement work for orchestra and instrumental soloist, ends with a cadenza, outer movements fast 2nd movement slow
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symphony
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a multimovement work for orchestra, outermovements fast, 2nd slow
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Lied, melodie, art song,
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a solo song for voice and accompaniment using [german] secular poetry
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song cycle
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a collection of songs in a vernacular language to high poetry, all with a common theme or subject
for solo singer w/accompaniment |
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tone poem
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a piece for orchestra in one unbroken movement that is an allegory to a story or piece of literature
invented by Liszt |
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character piece
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a piece for solo piano in one freestanding movement that has a title that tried to explain the mood it depicts
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cantata
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a multimovement work for voice, often accompanied by full chorus, that protrays a dramatic plot in concert setting
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oratorio
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an evening length multimovement work for orchestra, chorus and vocal soloists playing dramatic roles, often narrated, typically scriptural subject matter, concert setting
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opera
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evening length multimovement performance piece involving chorus, vocal soloists accompanied by orchestra typically non scriptural subject matter
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recitative
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sung component of operatic composition used to express dialogue or communicate cplot, minimal accompaniment and speechlike rhythm
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aria
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sung component of operatic composition the dwells on feelings, full orchestral accompaniment
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continuous melody
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use by Wagner who saw false divisions between recitative and aria
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requiem
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mass for the dead, includes the Dies Irae
Mozart's - the first we heard in class Verdi's - sensational Brahm's - spiritual but not religious, comfort the living Faure - omitted the Dies Irae, comfort the living Britten - War Requiem |
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nocturne/impromptu/fantaisie/romance
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forms of Romantic character pieces
impromptu - spontaneous sounding nocturn - John Field, Chopin |
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Mazurka
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Polish ethnic folk dance
Chopin used the meter to create a mode of concert piece |
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quotation
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incorporation of a breif segment of existing music into another work
Ives quotes Wagner "Lohengrin (wedding march) and Beethoven's 5th Satie quotes "Jolly Good Fellow" |
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Dodecaphony/12 tone music/serialism
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a form of atonal music based on 12 tone rows - all notes in a row must be played once before any repetition occurs
invented/used by 2nd Viennese school - Schoenberg, Weber |
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tone row
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each note in a scale is assigned a number, the row is the order of 12 pitches that the composer uses as the base for a piece
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matrix
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generated from one original tone row, the set of all the transpositions, inversions and retrogrades of that row
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Sprechstimme
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an extended technique "speech voice"
used by Schoenberg in Pierrot Lunaire |
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Extended Techniques
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unconventional ways of using voice, instruments
Stravinsky - quartet - clusters of harmonies |
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Musique Concrete
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the incorporation of recorded real world sounds
Reich - different trains Hovahness - Different Trains |
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minimalism
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the use of a small amount of materials to create a full large work of music
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Chance operations/indeterminancy
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methods of opening composition or performance up to randomness or chance
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aleatoricism
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performance level indeterminancy
performer chooses from a finite set of choices |
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improvisation
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make up music on the spot in line with meter, chord prgression etc
jazz mozart's candenzas |
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enlightenment
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movement in Europe before/during classical period
humanism and rational thought form and balance - God as rational, supreme architect first freedom for writing strictly for the church or the crown |
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Napoleonic Wars
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influence Haydn's "mass in a time of war"
predicated nationalism |
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concert and publishing business
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public concerts emerged as a way of making money during the classical period
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Des Knaben Wunderhorn
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Little Boy's Magic Horn
predicated German Romantic fascination with supernatural in the forest |
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Goethe
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Romantic works were often set to his poetry
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symbolist poetry
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disconnection from thoughts/feelings
movement away from the logic of linear composition influence impressionism, Debussy, Ravel |
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Sergei Diaghilev
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head of the Ballet Russe
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Paris World Expo
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1890s, Ravel and Debussy
Gamelan from Bali, Ragtime and Minsrelsy - American vernacular entertainment music |
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Freud + German Expressionism
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exploration of the ugly, the subconscious, fear of internal madness and uncontrolled impulses
Schoenberg Evartung |
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machine age
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ballet mechanique - film
Poulenc's Movements Perpetuelles ostinato |
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Russian Revolution
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tied hands of Perkofiev, Shastokovich
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Picasso and Cubism
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rearranges materials in different ways, Satie
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Rene Magritte, surrealism
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unconscious dreams, juxtaposition of wildly contrasting styles, Poulenc and Satie
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WWI
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Britten's war requiem - poetry
Ravel concerto for left hand |
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WWII
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figure humaine - Ravel
different trains |
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electronic, recording technology
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John Cage; Pauline Oliveros’s “Bye Bye Butterfly;” Karlheinz Stockhouse’s “Stimmung,” “Helikopter Quartett;” Alan Hovhaness’s “And God Created Great Whales;” Steve Reich’s “Different Trains”
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Buddhism and the I Ching
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John Cage explored Buddhism and used the I Ching – ‘The Book of Changes,’ to compose music based on chance operations, music that indeterminant on the level of performance
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Multiculturalism
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Multiculturalism refers to the incorporation of non-Western musical traditions and tools into Western composition. Franz Liszt’s music was influenced by the Gamelon from Bali; Aaron Copland incorporated black American music into his composition; Antonin Dvorak also incorporated black American music into his composition; Lou Harrison again used the Gamelon in “Suite for Violin and Gamelon;” Toby Twining’s music in influenced in part by Tibetan chanting; Ghost Opera
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Franz Joseph Haydn
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Nationality: German
Style: Classical period; late 18th century Significant works: Other: credited with the birth of the form “string quartet” 9,532 symphonies |
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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Nationality: German
Style: Classical; late 18th century Significant works: Marriage of Figaro, Piano Concerto, Requiem, Symphony #40 Other: pupil of Haydn |
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Ludwig Von Beethoven
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Nationality: German
Style: Classical; inaugural composer of Romantic period; early 19th c. Significant works: Fidelio Other: most creative composer of the end of the Classical period |
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Carl Maria von Weber
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Nationality: German
Style: Romantic Significant works: Der Freischutz (Samiel) – good against evil in the forest Other: |
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Robert Schumann
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Nationality: German
Style: early Romanticist Significant works: Concerto Other: began German interest in supernatural, forest (where disturbing things happen) Founded and edited journal of music criticism Active in supporting the birth of new editions of Classical works; foundation of musicology |
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Franz Schubert
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Nationality: German
Style: early Romanticist Significant works: lied – solo song fro voice and accompaniment using German secular poetry; sonata, string quartets, symphonies, Der Erlkönig (lied; poem by Goethe) Other: |
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Felix Mendelssohn
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Nationality: German
Style: early Romantic (very conservative) Significant works: Midsummer Night’s Dream – clean, magical things happening in the forest; Elijah Other: Credited with Bach revival |
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Hector Berlioz
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Nationality: French
Style: Romanticist Significant works: Symphone Fantastique – programmatic Requiem Quotes Dies Irae Other: Composed and conducted (1st conductor who turned conducting into show biz) First important French composer of Romantic period |
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Idée fixe –
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theme that represents someone, something
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Fryderyck Chopin
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Nationality: Polish-born; Paris
Style: Romantic Significant works: Nocturnes, Mazurkas Other: Everything he wrote included piano (sonatas, concertos, etc.) |
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Johannes Brahms
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Nationality: German
Style: Romantic Significant works: symphonies, pianist, Requiem (in German) – speaks to countrymen of all religions; Selected texts about comfort—began with “blessed are those that mourn”, Hungarian dances (exoticism - idealizing someone else’s culture), Lovesong waltzes (poems from everywhere but Germany) Other: conservative – while other composers were turning to literary works for music, B wanted to write absolute music |
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Frank Liszt
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Nationality: Hungarian
Style: Romantic Significant works: Hungarian rhapsody Other: Credited with inventing piano solo concert Originator of tone poem/symphonic poem |
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Giuseppe Verdi
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Nationality: Italian
Style: Romantic Significant works: Requiem (in memoriam of Manzoni); Aida appello arigoleto Other: Operas: Nationalistic, grand spectacle, realism, about literature (Shakespeare) Used continuous music in later music |
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Richard Wagner
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Nationality: Germany
Style: Romantic Significant works: Tristan and Isolde (moment Western music changed forever; pushed tonality to dissolution); The Ring Cycle – Norse creation myth Other: polyphony- both music and voice were equally important Results in continuous melody – spinning out an idea; harmonies stretch away from tonic Involved in every part of his work—designed theatre (Bayreuth); wrote music, words, costumes, scenery, invented own instrument |
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Gustav Mahler
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Nationality: Bohemia
Style: Later Romantic Significant works: Songs on the Death of Children (poetry: Rucker); symphonies, lieder, Other: Symphonies were extremely long in attempt to stretch tonality |
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Edvard Greig
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Nationality: Norwegian
Style: Nationalist, Romantic composer Significant works: Troll Wedding, Piergent - incidental music written for Ibsen Incidental music - instrumental music written to accompany the drama of a play |
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Modeste Moussorgsky
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Nationality: Russia
Style: Romantic Significant works: Pictures at an Exhibition (The Great Gate of Kiev – last piece; bells tolling; names of Russian heroes on gate) Other: Nationalist, homage to heroes |
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Antonin Dvorak
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Nationality: Czech
Style: Significant works: Slavonic dances, New World Symphony Other: |
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Jean Sibelius
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Nationality: Finnish
Style: Significant works: Valse Triste – waltz; incidental Other: Finland’s first composer |
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Gabriel Faure
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Nationality: French
Style: Incorporated Neo-Classicism Significant works: Requiem, melodie Other: “a palette cleanser for excesses of late 19th century”; instead of going through all chromatic variations, just jumped Put French on compositional map in early 20th c. |
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Maurice Ravel
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Nationality: French
Style: neo-classicism, impressionism, modernism Significant works: Princess of Pagodas – pentatonic scales; Valley of the Bells; La Walze – apocalyptic; Concerto for the Left Hand – pianist commissioned it because pianist, Paul witkinstein, because his arm was blown off in WWI Other: Student of Faure at Conservatoire de Paris Tonal |
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Claude Debussy
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Nationality: French
Style: neo-classicism, impressionism, modernism Significant works: Afternoon of a fawn (set to Mallarme poem); Other: |
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Erik Satie
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France, 1866-1925
Satie wanted to blend high and low art and often wrote satirically. He was anti-serialist and wrote music that was tonal but did not follow rules of progressive tonality. He was a contemporary of Francois Poulenc and was a member, spiritual godfather of “Les six francais.” Nationality: French Style: Tonal, Anti-serialist Significant works: “Dessicated Embryos” Other:short pieces for piano, |
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Francis Poulenc
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France, 1899-1963
Poulenc worked with French symbolist poetry, producing both compositions informed by impressionism as well as more serious post-Romantic melodies. He incorporated a variety of influences in his work, including dance hall music and Romantic Lieder. He was opposed to German serialism. His works include, “Movements Perpetuelles,” “Concerto for four hands,” and “Figure Humaine.” dropped out of an airplane, Nazi occupation resistance poem, censored immitated machines beginnings of minimalism Nationality: French Style: Symbolist poetry, opposed to German serialism Significant works: Perpetual Movements, Concerto for 4 Hands, Figure Humaine Other: Ostenado – little revolving wheels |
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Arnold Schoenberg
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Nationality: German
Style: serialism; invented 12 tone row; also tonal; German expressionism Significant works: Pierrot Lunaire, Erwartung Other: part of Second Viennese school |
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Alban Berg
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Nationality: German
Style: serialism; taught by Schoenberg; German expressionism Significant works: Wozzeck Other: part of Second Viennese school |
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Anton Webern
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Nationality: German
Style: serialism; taught by Schoenberg; German expressionism Other: part of Second Viennese school; mathematical genius |
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Paul Hindemith
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Nationality: German
Style: retained tonality Significant works: Series of preludes and fugues; 1 written on each of pitch class in his tone hierarchy Other: wrote Craft of Musical Composition - theory for explaining need for tonality; hierarchy of pitches based on fundamental pitch; tonal music should move from point of stability, to instability, to stability Book didn’t explain what he actually composed |
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Igor Stravinsky
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Nationality: Russia
Style: modernism; tonal; Wrote objective music Significant works: Les Noces (About countryside wedding rituals in Russia), Rite of Spring, Symphony of Psalms, Mass (Russian orthodox cantillation; solo) Other: Most influential neo-tonal and modernist composer of 20th century Commissioned to write propaganda for Russia |
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Dmitri Shostakovich
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Nationality:
Style: Neo-Classical Significant works: String Quartet (dedicated to victims of fascism in Germany; strings symbolize the SS men at night), Babi Yar Other: Used signature; tones that explaining D. Sch. |
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Sergei Prokofiev
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Nationality: Russian
Style: Significant works: Wrote film scores & ballets: Romeo and Juliet; Peter and the Wolf Other: |
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Bela Bartok
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Nationality: ?
Style: tonal, also serialism, atonal; Neo-Classicist Significant works: Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta Other: went to countryside and borrowed melodies; used them as inspiration (melodic, rhythmic features) Pro-ethnomusicology |
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Zoltan Kodaly
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Nationality: Hungarian
Style: Neo-Classicist Significant works: Other: went to countryside and borrowed melodies; used them as inspiration (melodic, rhythmic features) |
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Ralph Vaughn Williams
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Nationality: English
Style: Significant works: Two English folksongs (song cycles) Other: 1st great English composer of the 20th century . tried to write identifiably English music; looked to folk music (used their modes) art songs |
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Benjamin Britten
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Nationality: English
Style: Significant works: War Requiem Other: |
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Charles Ives
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Nationality: America
Style: no one style: Free meter, tone clusters, aleotoricism Significant works: Circus Band; The Unanswered Question (polytonality) Other: America’s 1st avante-garde composer |
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George Gershwin
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Nationality: American
Style: Significant works: Rhapsody in Blue |
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William Grant Still
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Nationality: American
Style: Significant works: Symphony 1 (Afro-American Symphony); Wailing Woman (semitic scale; Klezmer; anti- semitism=racism); And They Lynched Him on A Tree Other: dealing with Black vernacular music onto stage |
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John Cage
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Nationality: American
Style: Significant works: 4’3’’ Other: revolutionized concept of sound Introduced chance operations in music (Buddhism); relinquishing control |
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Pauline Oliveros
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Nationality: American
Style: Significant works: Bye, Bye Butterfly (feedback; tape looping), Deep Listening Experiences, Sonic Meditations (audienceless) Other: Interest in manipulating tools of recording studio |
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Karlheinz Stockhausen
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Nationality:
Style: Significant works: Other: Microphones; created overtones |
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Lou Harrison
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Nationality: American
Significant works: Suite for Violin and American Gamelan |
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Harry Partch
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Nationality: American
Style: microtonality Significant works: Barstow Other: Recognized modern system of tuning instruments was artificial; naturally, highest and lowest don’t actually match; toned instruments to actual tunings |
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Alan Hovhaness
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Nationality: American
Style: Significant works: And God Created Great Whales Other: Music concrete, Eastern pentatonic scales |
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Terry Riley
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Nationality: American
Style: Father of minimalism Significant works: In C Other: |
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Steve Reich
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Nationality: American
Style: Minimalism; tape looping and phase shifting Significant works: Different Trains Other: |
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Beethoven's Symphony No. 1
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In C major, we expect the first movment to be based on C major triad, but its a triad + a dissonant tone
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Beethoven's fifth
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'A' material is just a motif that is inverted and used over and over
fate knocking at the door |
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Beethoven's Third
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Eroica, originally written in celebration of Napoleon, but torn up when he found out the Napoleon had declared himslef emporer
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Beethoven's 6th
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Pastoral Symphony
The first example of programmatic music "Awakening of pleasant feelings on arriving in the country" "Scene by the brook" "happy gathering of country folk" "thunderstorm" "Shepherd's song: happy and thankful feelings after the storm" |
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Beethoven's 9th
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The Choral Symphony
longest symphony the fourth movement in a cantata, introduces the tune that has become known as Ode to Joy |
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Missa in Tempore Belli
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Mass in a Time of War
Haydn during Napoleonic Wars Timpani signals canon - also called Paukenmesse "Donna Nobis Pacem" grant us peace, have mercy on us |
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Le Nozzi de Figaro
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around 1800, Mozart
prior to Mozart story lines came from Ancent Greece or myth Figaro is a servant about to marry another servant |
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Fidelio
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Beethoven's opera 1814
'Rescue Opera' Enlightenment Plot corrupt governement, prisoner, love story movement into Romantic |
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Der Erlkonig
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Franz Schubert, Lieder
a poem by Goethe German Romantic imagination, in the forest, the unknown uncontrolled through composed |
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Der Freischutz
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Webern, 1821
German Opera - Libretto Supernatural in the forest flute symbolizes evil, Samiel |
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Frudenliebe und Leben
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Schumann song cycle
A woman's love and life last movement reiterates the first |
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Incidental music to a midsummer night's dream
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Felix Medelssohn
commissioned to accompany a play conservative, balanced, structured |
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Symphonie Fantastique
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Berlioz
Romantic work wanted to create a unified whole rather than a set of parts that can be played separately programmatic music makes use of an idee fixe to symbolize the beloved |
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Ein Deutsches Requiem
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Brahms
written in the German vernaular chose all his own texts, not the traditional latin prayers, chose passages from old and new testaments but avoided the word Christ work for orchestra, SATB choir, and two soloists accessible, comfort the living |
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Tristan and Isolde
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Richard Wagner 1855
continuous melody, use of accidentals, strays from tonic, no cadences The Tristan Chord - signals coming breakdown of progressive tonality chaotic arrangement, each event opens up a new but limited set of options, you can trace it back from the end but cant definitely predict from the beginning |
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New World Symphony
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Antonin Dvorak 1893
incorporates black american spirituals |
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Les Jeux D'eau Dans la Villa d'Este
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Liszt character piece
precursor of Ravel and impressionism |
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Jeux D'eau
Reflets Dans L'eau |
around 1910 Ravel's most impressionistic piece for piano, influenced 'Reflets.....' by Debussy uses whole tone scale to write about water,
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Prelude a l'apres-midi d'un faune
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Desbussy
tone poem, written by Mallarme symbolist poetry not the same kind of exact relationship with text as Don Quixote collaboration with Sergei Diaghilev to create scandalous ballet |
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Concerto for the Left Hand
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Ravel around 1930
commissioned for pianist who lost and arm in WWI revival of classical form (single movement slow in the middle) influence of jazz and blues stomp chords |
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The Rite of Spring
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Igor Stravinsky
commissioned by Diaghilev before WWI no identifiable meoldy only one chord mixed meter influenced by: Russian ethnic pride, minimalism, new tonality: octatonic scale - whole step/half step/whole step/half step |
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symphony of psalms
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Stravinsky's choral symphony
neoclassical, 1930 octatonic scales |
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Dessicated Embryos
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Satie
avant garde Dadaist satircal |
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Kindertotenlieder
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Mahler, Romantic song cycle, poetry by Ruckert
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Pierrot Lunaire
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Schoenberg 1910
atonal unprecedented use of chamber musicians Sprechstimme laceration of Christian imagery |
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Erwartung
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Schoenberg's opera
use of random systems |
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Wozzeck
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Alban Berg 1920s
considered the first full length atonal opera uses lietmotifs as a unifying devices |
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Babi Yar Symphony
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Shostakovich Symphony no 13
choral symphony written in memorial for Russian Jews after WWII |
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War Requiem
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Benjamin Britten
premiered 962 commissioned for rededication for the cathedreal in conventry bombed out tenor soloist represents voice of British Soldier, baritone is German soldier incorporates anti-war poetry by Wildred Owen |
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Afro-American Symphony
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William Grant Still
written before Rhapsody in Blue blues scale, imitations of spirituals |
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And They Lynched him on a tree
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William Grant Still 1940
Cantata two communities - white and black - represented - use of different harmonic language for each group uses old traditions - tri-tone to represent evil, "Stabat Mater" image of Mary at the foot of the cross/tree |
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Rhapsody in blue
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George Gershwin
originally written for piano and jazz band opens with clarinet bend, bending of notes jazz influence |
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Concord Sonata
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Charles Ives
quotes Beethoven America's first avant garde composer bitonality and free meter, tone clusters |
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Appalachian Spring
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Aaron Copland
ballet commission, choreographed by Martha Graham populist style - tonal, accessible lesftist - seeking music of a democratic american people |
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4'33'
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John Cage
Silence Piece |
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Bartsow
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Harry Partch
1941 microtonal music words from graffitti underpasses |
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Suite for Violin and Gamelan
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Lou Harrison
multiculturalist conventional instruments violin on one scale in the momement,no progressivity influence of eastern philosophy |
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And God Created Great Whales
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Alan Hovhaness
eastern pentatonic scales, conventional instruments, musique concrete |
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Clapping Music
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Steve Reich
minimalsim phase shifting |
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Different Trains
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Steve Reich
musique concrete can be performed live with recordings minimalist in the sense of ostinato - small fragments repeated |
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Helikopter-Quartett
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Karlheinz Stockhausen
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Sonic Meditations Deep Listening Experiences
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Pauline Oliveros - 1970s
scores are verbal instructions, music for communities to perform together |
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in C
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Terry Riley
all performers play from same page of patterns in sequence indeterminancy at the level of performance marriage between linear and cyclical in regard to time |
