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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phylogeny of kingdom fungi
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Memorize the attached phylogenetic tree
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Ascomycota
Common characteristics and three subphyla |
Common characteristics include regularly septate hyphae, a dikaryiotic stage in the life cycle, and sporocarps
Three subphyla include the Pezizomycotina, the Saccharomycotina, and the Taphrinomycotina |
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Pezizomycotina - primary morphological characteristics
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Ascocarp - Fruiting body - Sexual reproductive sporocarp
Ascus - site of meiosis Ascospores - meiospores - cleaved from within the ascus |
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Apothecium
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Cup shaped exposed reproductive surface of an ascomycota
Before molecular technique everything that contained an apothecium was classified as 'discomycetes' One of the four main ascomatal types |
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Perithecium
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A flask shaped sporocarp, of an ascomycota, which contains hymenium
Ostiole is the term for the canal of the perithecium Before molecular technique everything that contained a perithecium was classified as 'pyrenomycetes' One of the four main ascomatal types |
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Cleistothecium
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Completely closed sporocarp, of an ascomycota
Before molecular technique everything that contained a cleistothecium was classified as 'plectomycetes' One of the four main ascomatal types |
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Ascostroma (Psuedothecium)
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Production of asci within a PREFORMED locule
Ascocarp formation occurs prior to ascus formation Before molecular technique everything that contained a psuedothecium was classified as 'loculoascomycetes' One of the four main ascomatal types |
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The four main ascomatal types
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Apothecium - exposed hymenium
Perithecium - enclosed hymenium with ostiole Cleistothecium - completely enclosed hymenium Ascostroma (Psuedothecium) - locules formed prior to sexual reproduction |
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Unitunicate asci
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Inoperculate asci with one membrane
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Bitunicate asci
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Inoperculate asci with two membranes
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Protunicate asci
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Sphereoid inoperculate asci that release spores by simply degrading
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Operculate asci
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Asci with lids
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Inopeculate asci
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Asci without lids
Includes unitunicate, bitunicate, and prototunicate asci |
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Paraphyses
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Hyphae growing amongst the asci
Sterile cells associated with the hymenium of Ascomycota |
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Periphyses
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Hyphae in the ostiolar canal of a perithecium
Sterile cells associated with the hymenium of Ascomycota |
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Pseudoparaphyses
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Originating above the asci of an ascostroma; growing down among the developing asci
Sterile calls associated with the hymenium of Ascomycota |
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Woronin bodies
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Spherical structures associated with the septum
Woronin bodies will frequently plus the spetal pore of hyphae Function as a shut off value if hyphae are damaged |
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Karyotic states of Ascomycota
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The vegetative thallus is usually homokaryotic
The dikaryon is restricted to a brief period of sexual reproduction |
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Teleomorph
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meiotic: asci and ascospores (meiospores)
Propagules are a product of a mating event |
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Anamorph
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mitotic: mitotic spores (conidia)
Propagules are a genetically identical to mother thallus |
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'deuteromycetes'
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A former classification of ascomycetes where only the anamorphic stage is known i.e. no sexual mating event has been observed
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Three forms of sexual reproduction in Ascomycota
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Gametangial contact
Spermatization Somatogamy |
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Ascobolus life cycle
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Memorize the life cycle
A good example of gametangial contact of Ascomycota |
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Spermatia
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Function as male gametes in spermatization of Ascomycota
Incapable of germination |
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Microconidia
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Function of male gametes in spermatization of Ascomycota
Capable of germinating into a mycelium |
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Conidia
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Nonmotile, asxual propagules or spores
Larger mitotic progaules that typically germinate and establish a new mycelium In some cases can function as male gametes in spermatization of Ascomycota |
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Neurospora life cycle
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Memorize life cycle
Good example of microconidia which can function as a male gamete and germinate into a mycelium |
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Ascosporogenesis
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Generates ascospores using an enveloping membrane system
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Homogenic incompatibility
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Inability of genetically similar hyphae to fuse
Controlled by the MAT genes |
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Heterogenic incompatibility
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Inability og genetically dissimilar hyphae to fuse
Controlled by the HET genes |
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Why would an Ascomycota develop a mitotic reproductive stage to it's life cycle?
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Greater flexibility in growth
Greater flexibility in dispersal Enhanced survival |
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Conidiophore
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Specialized hyphae
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Conidiogenous cell
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Spore producing cells
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Conidium (chain of conidia)
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mitospore (s)
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Aleuroconidia (aleurospores)
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Thick-walled terminal conidium functions as resting spore
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Arthrospore
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Mitotic propagule produced by hyphal fragmentation
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Chlamydospore
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Thick-walled resting spore usually produced from somatic hyphae
Arbuscular mycorrhizae spores are a good example |
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Sclerotium
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Resistant hyphal mass that will germinate into a mycelium of sporocarp
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Loss of sexual reproduction
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Yields a 'duetoermycetes'
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Pleomorphy
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The ability of a fungus to produce more than one form or type of spore in it's life cycle
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Holomorph
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A fungus and all its expressions
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Teleomorphic holomorph
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meiotic reproduction only
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Anamorphic holomorph
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mitotic reproduction only
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Pleomorphic holomorph
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meiotic and mitotic reproduction, or multiple anamorphs
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Ambrosia fungi
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Mutualism between a fungus and a beetle
Ophiostomatales Microascales Cause of dutch elm disease |
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Order: Laboulbeniales
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Insect STDs
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Infection process of insect pathogens (Cordyceps)
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Spore adhere to exoskeleton
Germinate Penetration of exoskeleton Grow in yeast-like phase and release toxins Kill host and resume filamentous growth Produce stroma with spores |
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Pezizomycotina - ascomatal types, old clades, asci types
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Ascocarp forming ascomycetes with ascogenous hyphae
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Genus: Orbilia
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Order: Orbiliales Class: Orbiliomycetes Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Phylum: Ascomycota Kingdom: Fungi
Yellow apothecium on wood, asexual stage are nematode trappers |
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Class: Pezizomycetes
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apothecia: ascomatal type
operculate: asci |
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Class: Leotiomycetes
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apothecia, and cleistothecia: ascomatal type
inoperculate prototunicate: asci |
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Three classes that contain lichens
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Class: Lecanoromycetes
Class: Arthoniomycetes Class: Lichinomycetes Class: Eurotiomycetes |
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Class: Sordariomycetes
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perithecia: ascomatal type
unitunicate: asci |
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Class: Eurotiomycetes
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perithecia, pseudothecia, and cleistothecia: ascomatal type
bitunicate and prototunicate: asci |
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Class: Dothideomycetes
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pseudothecia: ascomatal type
bitunicate: asci |
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Subphylum: Taphrinomycotina
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Earliest diverging ascomycota
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Subphylum: Saccharomycotina
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Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales
The true yeasts Some hyphal No sporocarps No ascogenous hyphae |
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Order: Taphrinales
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Subphylum: Taphrinomycotina Phylum: Ascomycota
Important group of plant pathogens |
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Yeast asexual reproduction
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Budding
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Saccharomyces cerevisae life cycle
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Draw the life cycle
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zygomycetes - general characteristics
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primary colonizers of most substrates
most species have thallus and coenocytic hyphae haploid nuclei in vegetative state chitosan cell walls: glucosamine no flagellated cell posses spindle pole bodies |
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Zygosporangium
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A thick walled structure that results from the gametangial copulation of Rhizpous
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zygomycetes - body plan
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ceoncytic hyphae
rhizoids stolons |
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Sporangiophore
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Rhizopus asexual reproductive structure
Contains columella, sporangium, and the sporiferous region |
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Rhizopus life cycle
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Draw the Rhizopus life cycle
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Zygophores
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Specialized hyphae of Rhizopus
First stage in Rhizopus mating |
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Fusion septum
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Forms when two zygophores contact
In rhizpous mating |
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Gametangial septum
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Forms near the tips of the swollen zygophores
Deliniates future gametangia from future suspensor cells Think wrists of the happy Buddha dance In Rhizopus mating |
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Rhizopus mating
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Do the happy Buddha dance!
Zygophores Fusion Septum Swelling of zygophores Gametangial septum Suspensor cells Gametangium Zygosporangium |
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Trisporic acid
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Hormonal substance responsible for sexual incompatibility in Rhizopus
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Pilobolus
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Hat thrower
Carotenoid ring Subsporangial vesicle Sporangium |
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Order: Entomophthorales
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Class: Zygomycetes
Parasites of insects, some septate mycelium |
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Order: Harpellales
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Class: Zygomycetes
Obligate associates with living arthropods They attach to the arthropods with a holdfast 'trichomycetes' |
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'lower fungi'
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'chytridiomycetes and zygomycetes'
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Zoosporic kingdom fungi
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Chytridiomycota
Blastocladiomycota |
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Genus and Species: Batrachochytrium dendrobatids
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Phylum: Chytridiomycota Order: Chytridiales
Frog killing fungi |
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Chytridiomycota - thallus and life history diversity
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Holocarpic - entire thallus converted into a sporangium
Eucarpic - portions of thallus converted into sporangia; development of the vegetative thallus Unicellular - may produce rhizoids that serve to anchor thallus filamentous - coenocytic mycellium; septa may form at base of reproductive structures |
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Chytridiomycota - flagellated stages of the life cycle
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zoospores - asexual reproduction
planogametes - sexual reproduction Both zoospores and planogametes produce a single posterior whiplash flagellum |
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Chytridiomycota - asexual reproduction
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zoosporangium forms
produces zoospores zoospores released, swim, encyst, and then germinate to produce a thallus |
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Chytridiomycota - sexual reproduction
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Planogametic copulation - two flagellated gametes meet
Gametangial copulation - gametangia meet Somatogamy - rhizoidal filaments meet |
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Oomycota _________________________________
Chytridiomycota __________________________ Blastocladiomycota _______________________ zygomycota _______________________________ Ascomycota _______________________________ |
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Microbody-lipid globule complex
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Assemblage of organelles in Chytridiomycota
Functions in utilization of stored lipid and regulation of calcium |
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Genus: Chytriomyces
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Order: Chytridiales Phylum: Chytridiomycota
Zoosporic stage Sexual mating by way of rhizoidal somatangy Operculate zoosporangia |
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Haplobiontic life cycle
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One free living thallus
Phylum: Chytridiomycota |
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Diplobiontic life cycle
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Alternation of generations
Phylum: Blastocladiomycota Genus: Allomyces meiosis is sporangial |
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Allomyces life cycle
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Draw the Allomyces life cycle
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Phylum: Blastocladiomycota
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Most advanced zoosporic Fungi
Characterised by a diblobiontic life cycle, male and female gametangia, mycelial, and highly organized zoospores Allomyces is the only example we covered from this phylum |
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Olpidium
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Obligate parasites of plants that transmit plant viruses
Really weird placement in the phylogenetic tree |
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Order: Glomerales - general characteristics
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coenyctic hyphae
asexual spores olbigate symbionts arbuscular mycorrhizae |
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Arbuscular mycorrhizae - morphological characterisitcs
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Intracellular hyphae - not infectious
Vesicle - storage sife for fungi Arbuscules - site of nutrient transfer Hyphae in soil - access nutrients Spores in soil - asexual spores ... deuteromycete |
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Arbuscular mycorrhizae - plant and fungal benefits
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Fungal benefits: carbohydrates, cofactors for germination
Plant benefits: greater absorptive area, increased uptake of nutrients, increased uptake of water, protection against soil born pathogens |
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Order: Saproleginales
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Phylum: Oomycota Supergroup: Stramenopiles
The water molds |
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Saprolegnia life cycle
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Draw the Saprolegnia life cycle
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Order: Pythiales
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Phylum: Oomycota
Some of the most destructive plant pathogens examples: Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora infestans |
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Phytophthora infestans - life cycle
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Draw the Phytophthora infestans life cycle
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Order: Chytridiales
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Phylum: Chytridiomycota
true mycelium is lacking rhizoids or rhizomycelium present in some species examples: Chytridium and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis |
