Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cognition
|
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
|
|
|
Concept
|
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
|
|
|
Prototype
|
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in ca category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin
|
|
|
Algorithm
|
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error prone—use of heuristics
|
|
|
Heuristic
|
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
Insight: a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
|
|
Confirmation bias
|
a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
|
|
|
Fixation
|
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective an impediment to problem solving
|
|
|
Mental set
|
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially a way that has been successful in the past but may not be helpful in solving a new problem
|
|
|
Functional fixedness
|
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
|
|
|
Representative heuristic
|
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
|
|
|
Insight
|
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
|
|
|
Availability heuristic
|
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
|
|
|
Overconfidence
|
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments
|
|
|
Framing
|
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
|
|
|
Belief bias
|
the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
|
|
|
Belief perseverance
|
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
|
|
|
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
|
the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language
|
|
|
Computer neural networks
|
computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognizing visual patterns and smells
|
|
|
Language
|
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
|
|
|
Phoneme
|
in a spoken language the smallest distinctive sound unit
|
|
|
Morpheme
|
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
|
|
|
Grammar
|
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
|
|
|
Semantics
|
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences, in a given language; also, the study of meaning
|
|
|
Syntax
|
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
|
|
|
Babbling stage
|
beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
|
|
|
One-word stage
|
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
|
|
|
Two-word stage
|
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
|
|
|
Telegraphic speech
|
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—“go car”—using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words
|
|
|
Linguistic determinism
|
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
|
