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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dysarthria
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-neurologic motor speech impairment
-characterized by slow, weak, imprecise, or uncooridinated movements of the speech musculature |
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What are the 7 types of dysarthria?
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Flaccid
Spastic Ataxic Hypokinetic Hyperkinetic Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Mixed |
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Which speech systems can be affected by dysarthria?
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Respiration
Phonation Resonance Articulation Prosody |
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What can be wrong with the muscles? (Dysarthria)
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Paralyzed (can't move at all)
Paresis (weakness) Spasticity (too much tone) Flaccidity (not enough tone) Uncooridinated |
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What can be wrong with the muscle movements? (Dysarthria)
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Overshoot (move too far)
Undershoot (Can't make target) Move in wrong direction Move with too much strength Move with too little strength Move with poor timing Involuntary movements |
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Apraxia of Speech
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-Motor speech disorder
-caused by disturbance in motor planning, or programming of sequential movement for volitional speech production -The musculature itself is impaired -Will have difficulty completing sequences of movements for sound production |
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Which systems can be affected by AOS?
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Articualtion and Prosody
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Childhood AOS
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The developmental counterpart to acquired AOS characterized by the impaired motor speech planning and programming in the absence of neuromusculature damage.
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Flaccid Dysarthria
(localization and neuromotor bases) |
-Lower motor neuron
-Weakness |
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Spastic Dysarthria
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-Bilateral upper motor neuron
-Spasticity |
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Ataxic Dysarthria
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-Cerebellum
-Incooridination |
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Hypokinetic Dysarthria
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-Basal ganglia control circuit
-Rigidity or reduced range of movement |
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Hyperkinetic Dysarthria
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-Basal ganglia control circuit
-Abnormal movements |
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Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria
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-UUMN
-Weakness, Incooridination, or spasticity |
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Mixed
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-More than one
-More than one |
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Apraxia of Speech
(Localization and Neuromotor Bases) |
-Left (dominant) hemisphere
-Motor planning or programming |
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What is the function of the Motor System?
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To organize, control, and execute movements.
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What are the 4 major functional divisions of the Motor System?
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1. Final common pathway
2. Direct activation pathway 3. Indirect activation pathway 4. Control circuits (basal ganglia, cerebellum) |
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Final Common Pathway (LMN)
(Basic function, and major structures) |
-Stimulates muscle contraction and movement; other motor divisions must act through it to influence movement
-Cranial nerves & Spinal nerves |
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Direct Activation Pathway
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-Influences conscioulsy contolled, voluntary movement
-Corticobulbar tracts & Corticospinal tracts |
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Indirect Activation Pathway
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-Mediates subconscious, automatic muscle activities including posture, muscle tone, & movement that support and accompany voluntary movement
-Corticorubral tracts, Corticoreticular tracts & relevanant cranial nerves |
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Control Circuits
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-Integration or cooridination of sensory information and activities of direct & indirect activation pathways to control movement
-Basal ganglia, cerebellum |
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What is another name for the Final Common Pathway?
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Lower Motor Neuron System
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What are the two basic functions of the FCP?
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1. All motor activity is mediated through the FCP
2. Generates activity in muscles for reflexive and voluntary movements |
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What type of muscles can be voluntarily controlled by the FCP?
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skeletal muscles
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What are the major structures of the FCP?
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Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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What are the contractile elements of skeletal muscles know as? What controls them?
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Extrafusal muscle fibers. Alpha motor neurons.
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Where do alpha motor neurons originate?
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In the brainstem and in the anterior horns of the spinal cord.
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What makes up a motor unit?
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Lower motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.
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What is the primary influence of the motor unit?
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the Direct Activation Pathway
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True or False? Each axon branches to innervate more than one muscle fiber.
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True
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True or False? Each muscle fiber is innervated by more than one neuron.
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True.
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True or False? Increasing force of muscle movements involves temporal summation (increasing rate of firing of individual motor units) and spatial summation (recruiting a greater number of motor units)
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True.
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Automatic Movement
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Automativ Movement
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What is the basic function of Gamma Motor neurons?
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Innervate intrafusal muscle fibers (in the muscle spindle)
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What are Gamma motor neurons influenced by?
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Control circuits, indirect activation pathway.
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What is the function of the Gamma loop?
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Maintains constant muscle tone, and a readiness to contract.
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What does the Gamma Loop consist of?
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-gamma motor neuron
-muscle spindle -stretch receptor -sensory neuron -Lower motor neuron -extrafusal muscle fiber |
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Gamma Loop Function:
-Gamma Motor Neuron |
-efferenct component
-firing causes muscle spindles to contract |
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Gamma Loop Function:
-Sensory Receptors |
-Detect shortening of muscle spindles through sensory receptors
-Sensory neurons send information back to alpha motor neurons in brainstem/spinal cord |
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Gamma Loop Function:
-Alpha Motor Neurons (LMN) |
- Sends impulse to extrafusal muscle fibers to contract until the same length as muscle spindles
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Gamma Loop Function
-Sensory Receptors |
-No longer detect shortening, loop deactivated
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FCP for speech includes (2):
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1. Paired cranial nerves that supply muscles involved in phonation, resonance, articulation and prosody.
2. Paired spinal nerves involved in respiratory activities and prosody. |
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Trigeminal (V)
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-Sensory/motor
-Sensation from face -Motor to masseters, palate, pharynx -Damage: paresis or paralysis and eventual atrophy of masticatory muscles on the paralyzed side |
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Facial (VII)
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-Sensation from anterior tongue
-Motor to facial muscles -Damage: paralyze muscles on the entire ipsilateral side of the face. Atrophy can lead to facial asymmetry. Fasciculation maybe seen in perioral area and chin. |
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Glossopharyngeal (IX)
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-Sensation from posterior tongue, soft palate, pharynx
-Motor to pharynx -Damage: Reduced pharyngeal sensation, decreased gag reflex, reduced pharyngeal elevation during swallowing |
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Vagus (X)
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-Sensation from viscera
-Motor to laryns, pharynx, viscera -Damage: weakness of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx |
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Accessory (XI)
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-Motor to larynx, chest, shoulder
-Damage: Weaken head rotation toward side opposite lesion, Reduce ability to elevate or shrug the shoulder on the side of the lesion |
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Hypoglossal (XII)
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-Motor to tongue
-Damage: Atrophy, weakness, and fasciculations of the tongue on the side of the lesion |
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Spinal Nerves
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-Motor to muscles of respiration
-Damage: abnormal breathing patterns |
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True or False?
Most of the cranial nerves are ipsilateral, but some of the facial and all of the hypoglossal are contralateral. |
True.
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What is another name for the Direct Activation Pathway?
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Pyramidal tract
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The DAP is a part of the ________________ system.
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Upper motor neuron system
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What tracts can the DAP be divided into?
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The corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts.
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What do the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts make up?
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The corona radita
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The DAP leads to what type of movement? (3)
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-voluntary
-finely controlled -discrete movement |
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Where does the DAP originate?
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In the cortex, bilaterally in the primary motor contex (and to some extent the premotor cortex and SMA) and courses to the brainstem and spinal cord to innervate cranial and spinal nerves, respectively.
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What does the DAP directly connect to?
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The Final Common Pathway.
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What does the DAP pass through?
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The internal capsule
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What does the internal capsule contain?
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All afferent and efferent fibers going to and from the cortex.
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