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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The immune system evaluates cells by examining certain molecules on their surface called _______.
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Markers
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In relation to the immune system's evaluation of cells, "markers" generally consist of _______ and/or _______.
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Proteins
Sugars |
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Markers (immune system) -
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markers allow cells of the immune system to identify whether or not a newly discovered cell poses a threat.
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How is a "marker" like a "face"??
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Markers can be thought of as the cellular equivalent of facial characteristics in humans and allow the cells of the immune system to identify whether or not a newly discovered cell poses a threat.
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Interferon (IFN) is a small _______ produced naturally by certain _______ _______ and _______ cells that is used in therapy against certain _______ infections and _______.
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Protein; white blood; tissue; viral; cancer.
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Although Interferon (IFN) was originally thought to be directed exclusively against viruses, it is now know to be involved also in?
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Defense against other microbes and in immune regulation and intercommunication.
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Three major types of Interferons:
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Interferon alpha
Interferon Beta Interferon Gamma |
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Interferon alpha is a product of?
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Lymphocytes and macrophages.
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Interferon beta is a product of?
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fibroblasts and epithelial cells
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Interferon Gamma is a product of?
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T cells
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All three classes of Interferons are produced in response to what four (4) things?
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Viruses; RNA; immune products; various antigens
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In all cases, Interferons do this:
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Bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression, but exact results vary.
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In addition to antiviral effects discussed, all three IFNs can inhibit"
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The expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects
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IFN alpha and beta stimulate _______, and IFN gamma is an _______ _______of _______ and _______ and _______ cells.
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Phagocytes; immune regulator; macrophages; T; B.
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Nonspecific immune ractions are generalized responses to invasion, regardless of the type. These include the following four (4) responses:
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Inflammation; phagocytosis; interferon; complement.
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Rubor means?
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Redness
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Calor means?
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Heat
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Another name for "tumor"
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Edema
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Dolor means?
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Pain
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The four symptoms of inflammation are? What often accompanies these four symptoms?
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Rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (edema), and dolor (pain).
Loss of function often accompanies these. |
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Fever is another component of?
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Nonspecific immunity
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Fever is caused by both _______ and _______ pyrogens.
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Endogenous and exogenous
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Fever does this to the host immune response?
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increases the rapidity of the host immune response.
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What action does fever have on microbial invaders?
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Reduces the viability of many microbial invaders.
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Macrophages are activated by?
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Monocytes
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What are two key phagocytic agents of nonspecific response to disease?
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Macrophages and neutrophils
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PMN means?
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Neutrophils
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Plasma contains _______, a nonspecific group of _______ that work on its own or with the _______ _______ of defense to attack foreign cells.
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Complement; chemicals; third line
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Host defenses are classified into one of the two following general categories:
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Innate and nonspecific
or Acquired and specific |
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Innate (inborn) and nonspecific immunity represent which line(s) of defense?
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First and second
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The second category of host defenses (acquired, specific) represents the _______ line of defense.
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Third
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A number of defenses are a normal part of the body's anatomy and physiology. These defenses represent what line of defense?
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First
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The first line of defense (inborn, nonspecific defenses) can be divided into three barriers. They are:
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Physical
Chemical Genetic |
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What does the first line of defense impede?
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Entry of not only microbes but any foreign agent, whether living or not.
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Which line of defense is responsible for specific immunity? It's also the most complex.
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Third
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Phagocytes that engulf foreigh matter and destroy it, and inflammation which holds infection in check, are examples of what line of defense?
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Second
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The second line of defense is a _______ and _______ that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the _______ defenses.
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Cellular
Chemical Surface |
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Which form of immunity is usually long term and has memory?
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Third
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Briefly describe the actions of the third line of host defense.
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Includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized WBCs.
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These regions have several built-in defenses (part of the first line of defense).
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Skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive tract.
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The outermost layer of skin is composed of epithelial cells that have become _______, _______ together, and impregnated with an insoluble _______, _______.
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Compacted
Cemented Protein, Keratin |
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Skin results in a thick, tough layer that is highly impervious and waterproof. The outermost layer of skin (composed of epithelial tissue) that is partially responsible for these defense qualities is:
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Stratum corneum
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Two other cutaneous barriers that make up the first line of host defenses:
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The hair follicles and skin glands.
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Two other cutaneous barriers that make up the first line of host defenses:
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The hair follicles and skin glands.
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Two other cutaneous barriers that make up the first line of host defenses:
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The hair follicles and skin glands.
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How do hair follicles and skin glands function to act as host defense?
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The hair shaft is periodically extruded, and the follicle cells are desquamated. The flushing effect of sweat glands also help remove microbes.
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Define Desquamated
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To shed the cuticles in scales; to peel off the outer layer of a surface.
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The specific immune response that is customized to react to specific antigens of the microbial invader:
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Third line
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One of the three parenthetical answers is correct with regards to the following statement; choose the correct answer. The third line response immobilizes and destroys the invader ( occasionally, most of the time; every time) it appears in the host.
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Every time
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The immune system operates first as a _______ system that discriminates between the host's self identity _______ and the _______ identity _______ of foreign cells.
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Surveillance
Markers Nonself Markers |
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As far as the immune system is concerned, if an _______ is not _______, it is foreign, does not belong and must be _______.
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Antigen
Self Destroyed |
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B and T cells arise from the same _______ cell but later diverge into _______ cell lines.
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Stem; two
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The appearances of B and T cells are similar, and one cannot differentiate them on the basis of _______.
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Staining
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What type of stem cell does B and T cells originate from?
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Lymphocyte stem cells
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The "B" in B lymphocytes (B cells) stands for _______; the "T" in T lymphocytes (T cells) stands for _______.
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Bursal-Equivalent
Thymus-Derived |
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In humans, B cells mature here:
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In special bone marrow sites
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Humans do not have bursa. In all birds and mammals, T cells mature here:
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Thymus gland.
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Both populations of cells are transported by the _______ and _______ and move about freely between _______ organs and _______ tissue.
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Bloodstream; lymph; lymphoid; connective
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What type of cells are the key cells in the third line of defense?
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Lymphocytes (key cells in the third line of defense and the specific immune response).
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The four (4) major subdivisions of the immune system are:
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RES; ECF; the blood vascular system, and the lymphatic system
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What does "RES" stand for?
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Reticuloendothelial System
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What is the reticuloendotheial system (RES)?
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It is a network of connective tissue fibers inhibited by macrophages ready to attack and ingest microbes that have managed to bypass the first line of defense.
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How does the ECF (extracellular fluid) compartment work in immune defense?
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Compartment surrounds all cells and is penetrated by both blood and lymph vessels, which bring all components of the second and third line of defense to attack infectious microbes.
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What type of defenses does the blood contain?
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Both specific and nonspecific
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Nonspecific cellular defenses (of blood) include the _______, _______, and _______ cells.
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Granulocytes
Macrophages Dendritic cells |
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The two components of specific immune response (of blood) are the _______ and _______.
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T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
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T lymphocytes provide specific _______ _______immunity, and the B lymphocytes produce specific _______ or _______ immunity.
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Cell-mediated
Antibody, or humoral |
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The lymphatic system has three (3) functions. They are?
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1) Returns tissue fluid to general circulation; 2) carries away excess fluid in inflamed tissues; (3) concentrates and processes foreign invaders and initiates the specific immune response.
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These five (5) sites are important sites of lymphoid tissues:
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1) Lymph nodes
2) spleen 3) thymus 4) tonsils 5) GALT |
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There are _______ major events in inflammation.
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Four
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The process leading to inflammation is a dynamic, predicatable sequence of events that can be acute, lasting from a _______ _______ or _______, to _______, lasting for _______, _______ or, _______.
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few minutes or hours, to chronic, lasting for days, weeks, or years.
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List the four (4) stages of inflammation in order of occurrence:
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(a) Injury/immediate reactions
(b) Vascular Reactions (c) Edema and Pus Formation (d) Resolution/Scar Formation |
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During the first stage of Inflammation, what happens?
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Injury (bacteria in wound) ---> reflex narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) lasting for a short time ---> Release of chemical mediators into the area.
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During the Injury/Immediate Reaction stage, what cells release chemical mediators?
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Mast Cells
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During the second stage, Vascular Reactions, what occurs?
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Increased diameter of blood vessels (vasodilation) ---> Increased blood flow ---> Increased vascular permeability ---> Leakage of fluid (plasma) from blood vessels into tissues (exudate formation).
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What happens during the third stage of Inflammation?
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Edema ---> Infiltration of site by neutrophils and accumulation of pus.
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What happens during the fourth stage of inflammation?
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Macrophages and lymphocytes ---> Repair, either by complete resolution and return of tissue to normal state or by formation of scar tissue.
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Name the six (6) events in phagocytosis:
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1) Chemotaxis
2) Ingestions 3) Phagolysosome formation 4) Destruction, and 5) Excretion |
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During chemotaxis and ingestion, phagocytes migrate into a region of inflammation with a deliberate sense of direction. What attracts them?
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A gradient of stimulant products from the parasite and host tissue at the site of injury.
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Phagocytes are now known to be able to recognize some microorganisms as foreign because of:
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Signal molecules that the microbes have on their surfaces.
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What are the signal molecules called, found on microbial surfaces, which attract the phagocytes?
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
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how (or why) do PAMPs become "red flags" for phagocytes and other cells of innate immunity?
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are found on the surface of many microorganisms, but not present in mammals, and therefore draw the attention of phagocytes and other cells of innate immunity.
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