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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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___ transports oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and returns waste and carbon dioxide
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Blood
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Term that describes blood cell production
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Hemopoiesis
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A glycoprotein produced by the kidney that is involved in regulation of synthesis of erythrocytes
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Erythropoietin
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The key nutritional requirement for erythropoiesis
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Iron
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A condition where there is a lower than normal number of red blood cells in the blood usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin
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Anemia
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__ increases the absorption of vitamin B12
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Intrinsic factor
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Type of anemia which is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor
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Pernicious anemia
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A decrease in the number of RBC caused by too little iron
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Iron-deficiency anemia
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A 23 year old client is admitted to the hospital for fatigue and shortness of breath. The nurse’s assessment findings include pale skin, brittle nails and client’s complain about a headache and sore tongue. The client is showing symptoms of:
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Anemia
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A 35 year old client is in the hospital for severe headaches, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The physician confirmed the client’s diagnosis of anemia by looking at the lab result. The specific lab value that lead to that diagnosis is:
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Low hemoglobin
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A type of anemia that results from acute blood loss (trauma)
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Normocytic
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Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency include (select all that apply):
a. Loss of blood (including from heavy menstrual bleeding) b. Chronic alcoholism c. Crohn’s disease d. Lack of intrinsic factor |
Loss of blood (including from heavy menstrual bleeding) causes iron-deficiency anemia
Chronic alcoholism, Crohn’s disease, and lack of intrinsic factors cause vitamin B12 deficiency |
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A failure of the bone marrow to properly form all types of blood cells
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Aplastic anemia
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An inherited blood disorder where the RBCs become sickle-shaped and have difficulty passing thru small blood vessels
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Sickle cell anemia
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A nurse is taking care of a patient with sickle cell anemia. The nurse closely monitors the patient’s condition because of:
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Stroke. If the sickle-shaped cells block a blood vessel in the brain, a stroke can occur
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Condition where one clotting factor is missing or the level of that factor is low which makes it difficult for the blood to form a clot
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Hemophilia
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A child with hemophilia experience ____ more commonly and affects the joints and muscles
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Spontaneous bleeding
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People with low levels of ____ have hemophilia A, while people with low levels of ____ have hemophilia B
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Hemophilia A = factor 8 ; hemophilia B = factor 9
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A condition that describes the overproduction of red blood cells
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Polycythemia
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A condition manifested by hypercellularity of bone marrow and increased production of erythrocytes
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Polycythemia vera (PCV)
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A client went to the hospital for complains of headache, visual disturbances and angina. The attending physician reviewed the lab results and an elevated hematocrit level is noted. The client is experiencing symptoms of:
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Polycythemia vera (PCV)
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A malignant disorder affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system and spleen
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Leukemia
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The most common type of leukemia seen in children before age 14
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
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A 10 year old client is admitted to the ER for bone pain, fatigue, and fever. The client’s lab results show a high level of WBC and low levels of RBC and platelets. The client is experiencing clinical signs of:
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Leukemia
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___ represent malignancies of cells derived from lymphoid cells and tissues
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Lymphomas
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Type of lymphoma characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells that begins as a malignancy in a single lymph node and then spreads to contiguous lymph nodes
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Hodgkins lymphoma
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A 35 year old client presents to his healthcare provider with fever, weight loss and night sweats. Palpable lymph nodes are also present on the client. A CT scan is ordered to determine presence of:
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Lymphoma
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Infection causes ____ in O2 demand due to ___ metabolism
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Increase O2 ; increase metabolism
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The most common of primary malignant tumors of the skeleton. Occurs most commonly in individuals between the ages of 50 – 60 years old
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Multiple myeloma
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A 55 year old client went to the hospital for complains of bone pain, fatigue and weight loss. A blood test was done and the client’s results show a high creatinine level. A bone marrow biopsy is done to determine presence of which condition?
a. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma b. Multiple myeloma c. Leukemia d. Hemophilia |
B. clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma include bone pain, fatigue, weight loss and a high creatinine level due to reduced renal function. Night sweats, low-grade fevers and palpable lymph nodes are symptoms of hodgkin’s lymphoma. Fever and bruising are classical signs of leukemia and excessive bleeding especially in the joints and muscles are symptoms of hemophilia
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A condition that describes having an abnormally low platelet count
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Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
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What is the classical sign of immune thrombocytopenic purpura?
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Petechiae
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An autoimmune disorder that results in intravascular aggregation of platelets and paradoxical thrombosis in response to heparin administration
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Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
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___ is necessary for synthesis and regulation of clotting factors
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Vitamin K
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A complex, acquired disorder in which clotting and hemorrhage simultaneously occur
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
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___ is a clinical sign of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
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Bleeding
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An infection that can happen anywhere along the urinary tract usually caused by a bacteria from the anus entering the urethra and then the bladder
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Urinary tract infection (UTI)
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Women are at higher risk for developing UTIs because:
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The urethra is shorter and closer to the anus
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People who are at risk for having UTIs include (select all that apply):
a. Elderly people living in nursing homes b. People with diabetes c. Pregnant women d. A 50 year old client recovering from a hip fracture |
All of them have a high risk for getting UTIs
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A 65 year old client went to the hospital for pain in the lower pelvic area, complains of pain or burning while urination, and hematuria. A urine (clean catch) culture is ordered for the client to determine presence of:
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Urinary tract infection (UTI)
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The most common cause of UTI is:
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E. coli
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An autoimmune disease characterized by glomerulonephritis, pulmonary hemorrhage, and antibodies to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
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Goodpasture syndrome
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A patient is admitted in the ICU with weakness, pallor, hematuria and hemoptysis. The patient’s serology report shows circulating anti-GBM antibodies. The healthcare provider soon ordered plasmapheresis and an immunosuppressant drug (cytoxan) for the patient due to what type of condition?
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Goodpasture syndrome
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A condition characterized by massive loss of urinary protein leading to hypoproteinemia and edema
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Nephritic syndrome
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A condition caused by decreased fluid intake and consequent urine concentration and are mostly composed of calcium (oxalate / phosphate)
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Renal calculi
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Cancer of the sac that collects and holds urine and the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and 10th most frequently diagnosed cancer in women
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Bladder cancer
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___ and ___ are classical symptoms of bladder cancer
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Hematuria and pain
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Regulatory organs which maintain the volume and composition of body fluid by filtration of blood and selective reabsorption or secretion of filtered solutes
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Kidneys
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The functional units of the kidney
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Nephrons
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Hormone released in response to hypoxia. Stimulates RBC production
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Erythropoietin
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Released by nephron with decrease in arterial pressure or increase in urine Na+ concentration.
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Renin
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___ acts as a catalyst in converting ___ to ___ which stimulates ___ to be released and also vasoconstriction
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Renin (catalyst) converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II which stimulates release of aldosterone
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A condition where there is a sudden loss of the ability of kidneys to excrete waste, concentrate urine and conserve electrolytes
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Acute renal failure
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An elevation of nitrogenous waste products (urea nitrogen, creatinine)
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Azotemia
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Clinical syndrome resulting from azotemia and characterized by anorexia, nausea/vomiting, and mental status changes
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Uremia
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Causes of pre-renal azotemia include (select all that apply):
a. Hypotension b. CHF or severe pulmonary disease c. Prostatic hypertrophy d. Volume depletion – vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, hemorrhage |
Hypotension, CHF or severe pulmonary disease, and volume depletion are causes of pre-renal azotemia
Prostatic hypertrophy causes post-renal azotemia |
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Causes of post-renal azotemia include (selct all that apply):
a. BPH b. Ureter obstruction c. Inflammation due to infection d. Acute glomerular nephritis |
BPH and ureter obstruction cause post-renal azotemia
Inflammation due to infection and glomerular nephritis cause intra-renal azotemia |
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A gradual and progressive loss of ability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, and conserve electrolytes
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Chronic renal failure
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Manifestations of chronic renal failure include the inability of the kidney to regulate fluid and electrolyte imbalance, control blood pressure through fluid volume, eliminate waste products and ______
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Regulate activation of vitamin D
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High levels of ___ indicate a decreased glomerular filtration rate which results in the decreased capability of the kidneys to excrete waste products
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Creatinine
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A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys
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Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
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The most common inherited form of PKD, symptoms usually develop between the ages of 30 and 40
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Autosomal dominant PKD
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A condition that defines pain or discomfort during menstruation
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Dysmenorrhea
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Signs and symptoms of dysmenorrhea include (select all that apply)
a. Headache b. Backache c. Depression d. Abdominal pain e. Insomnia f. Irritability |
Headache, backache, and abdominal pain are signs and symptoms of dysmenorrhea
Depression, insomnia, and irritability are signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome |
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___ are sacs filled with fluid or a semisolid material that develop on or within the ovary
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Ovarian cysts
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A 25 year old client presents to her physician constant pelvic pain, irregular menstruation and abdominal distention. The physician will order a pelvic exam to determine the presence of:
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Ovarian cyst
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Cysts that occur when the dominant follicle fails to rupture and release the ovum or when the nondominant follicles fail to regress
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Follicular cyst
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Cysts that occur because of abnormal LH and progesterone responses during the menstrual cycle
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Luteal cyst
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Ovarian tumors that contain elements of skin, hair, glands, muscle, cartilage, and bone
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Dermoid
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One of the most common problems affecting women that can affect menstrual cycles, cause infertility and affect appearance including facial hair growth, acne, and female pattern balding
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Polycystic ovarian syndrome
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Protrusion of the bladder and front wall of the vagina into the vaginal space may be caused by heavy lifting, straining muscles during childbirth or excessive straining during bowel movement
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Cystocele
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Protrusion of the rectum and back wall of the vagina into the vaginal space
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Rectocele
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Type of cancer that develops from the inner lining of the uterus
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Endometrial cancer
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A 50 year old client is admitted to the hospital for pelvic pain, weight loss, excessive vaginal bleeding. Her medical history includes diabetes, recent treatment of synthetic estrogen (tamoxifen) and obesity. Dilation and curettage (D&C) is ordered for the client to determine presence of:
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Endometrial cancer
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The second most common cause of cancer in women that develops in flat, scaly surface cells that line the cervix
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Cervical cancer
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Common causes of cervical cancer include
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HPV and history of STD
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Arise from the surface epithelium of the ovary and spread intra-abdominally over the surface of the peritoneum and accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract
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Ovarian cancer
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One of the most common symptom of ___ is painless ascites resulting from widespread seeding of the peritoneum
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Ovarian cancer
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An early stage of breast cancer where the cancer is confined to the place where it started and has not gone to the fatty tissues in the breast or to other organs of the body
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Carcinoma in situ
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The most common type of noninvasive breast cancer where the cancer is confined to the ducts
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Ductal carcinoma in situ
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The most common breast cancer that spreads to other parts of the body and accounts for about 80% of invasive breast cancers
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Infiltrating (invasive) ductal carcinoma
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Women with genetic risk factors for breast cancer have presence of ____ and ____ gene alterations
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BRCA 1 and BRCA 2
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A term that describes a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate that puts pressure on the urethra, causing it to narrow or in some cases closes completely
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Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
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Most common area of localization of prostate cancer
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Bone
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Cancer that develops in the prostate where the cancer grows slowly and is more common in men over the age of 50, African-american, who have a lot of high-fat dairy products in their diet and family history of the disease
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Prostate cancer
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Most common solid tumor of young men
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Testicular cancer
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The most common type of testicular cancer
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Germ cell tumors of the testes
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Testicular neoplasms are usually asymptomatic and present as ____
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Unilateral enlargement of the testes
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