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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is "therapeutics"? |
A branch of medicine concerned with disease prevention and relief of unwanted symptoms |
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What are the 3 categories of pharmacotherapeutics? |
1) Drugs / Medicine 2) Biologics 3) Natural health products |
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What is required for a pharmacotherapeutic to be considered a medicine? |
It needs to be a chemical agent. |
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What is the difference between a drug and a medicine? |
Medicine is always therapeutic. Drugs are mainly therapeutic but can also be used recreationally. |
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What qualifies a pharmacotherapeutic to be biologic? |
Something that is naturally produced in an animal cell. |
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What qualifies a pharmacotherapeutic to be a natural health product? |
If it is naturally occurring. |
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Which is the hardest pharmacotherapeutic to detect in the human bloodstream? |
Natural health products -> minerals |
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Which three vitamins can a person overdose on, and what is special about them? |
A,D, and K They are lipid soluable. |
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What are the 4 interventions for a patient who has been given a diagnoses? |
Meds Therapeutics Lab Testing Surgery |
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What is the nurse's main job after med administration? |
Watch for adverse effects |
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What are the 4 phsycho-social-spiritual aspects to consider when administering medications? |
Ethnicity Culture Social Environment Gender |
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What are the five things both you and the patient have to understand before giving medications? |
* Therapuetic outcome * Side effects * Medication self-admin * Understanding of the medication * Any extra monitoring required |
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Where are oral meds predominantly absorbed in the body? |
small intestine |
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Where do oral meds go first once absorbed into the body? |
Hepatic portal vein to liver |
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How are oral meds primarily excreted? |
urine |
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What type of mucosa is found in the small intestine? |
Simple columnar epithelium |
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What are the three cells found in the gastric pits that help with dissemination of oral meds? |
* Parietal cells * Cheif cells * Enteroendocrine cells |
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How many lobes are there on a liver? |
4 |
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Which lobe of the liver is the largest? |
The right lobe |
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Where on the liver would you find the gallbladder? |
The right lobe. |
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What are the three layers of tissues on the external kidney and what do they do? |
Outer - renal fascia - connects to posterior body wall Middle - adipose capsule - protects kidney from trauma innermost - renal capsule - desnse connective tissue |
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What are the two parenchyma of the internal kidney? |
1) renal cortex 2) renal medulla |
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A chemical agent capable of producing a biological response within the body: |
Drug |
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A drug that is considered medically therapeutic: |
Medication |
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Naturally produced agents either from animals, cells, or humans: |
Biologic |
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Complementary and alternative therapies, including plant extracts, vitamins, minerals, etc. |
Natural health product |
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Which category of pharmacotherapeutics is most common? |
Drugs / Medications |
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What is the declaration of helsinki? |
The law that is anit-placebo as a comparative substance unless there is no better control. |
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Which code was written during WWII to give a baseline of ethics? |
Nuremburg Code |
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Which code goes over the issue of consent? |
Declaration of Helinski |
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Which code is most up to date as far as research ethics? |
Medical Research Counsil of Canada Guidelines on Research Involving Human Subjects |
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What are the three categories of drug names? |
* Chemical * Generic * Brand |
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What does the chemical name tell you? |
The chemical composition of the medication. |
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Which type of name is the most important to know? Chemical, generic, or brand? |
Generic |
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How long does a drug patent last? |
20 years |
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What does bioequivalence mean? |
That a generic and brand name of the same medication have the same compounds and can be used (theoretically) interchangeably. |
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What is the usefulness of a prototype drug? |
Selection of a single drug from a class to serve as a reference drug within its particular class |
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If a drug is classified therapeutically, what does that mean? |
The drug is classified with the specific treatment it provides. Ex, antihypertensive |
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What does a pharmacologically classified drug tell you? |
The specific mechanism of action of the medication. Ex. calcium channel blocker |
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Which type of drug classification is more specific and gives more information about the prupose of the drug, therapeutic or pharmacological? |
Pharmacological |
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How would somebody be able to buy a schedule I drug? |
With a prescription, provided from pharmacist. Ex. Morphine |
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How would somebody buy a schedule II drug? |
From a pharmacist, behind the counter; no prescription required. |
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What is the schedule classification of a drug that can be bought over the counter from a pharmacy area? |
Schedule III |
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A medication such as tylenol that can be purchased from any store without professional supervision is considered to be what type of medication? |
Unscheduled. |
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If a drug can cause either physical or psychological dependence, what is the lowest schedule it can be assigned? |
Schedule I |
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How is a controlled drug or substance denoted? |
With a "C" on the package |
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How is a narcotic denoted? |
With an "N" on the package. |
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What is "drugability"? |
The ease with which the function of a target cell can be changed by a small organic molecule. |
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How are large molecules used in the testing stages of a drug? |
They are cloned and used as a test subject, making testing safer for both animals and humans, as well as more accurate. |
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What are the four categories of pharmacokinetic properties? |
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
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What are the three main concerns regarding a drug's pharmacuetical properties? |
Stability Solubility Questions of formulation |
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What are the five main concerns of a drug during its pre-clinical stage? |
Its affinity and selectivity for target cells Its pharmacokinetic properties Its large scale synthesis / purification Its pharmaceutical properties Its overall safety. |
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What is a "secondary endpoint"? |
When a drug trial tests the actual effectiveness of a drug by collecting data on whether or not the drug actually prevents the disease process it is suppose to. |
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What is a "surrogate endpoint"? |
When a drug trial uses blood work as a predictor of whether or not a drug will be effective in the prevention of its particular disease process. Ex, A1C as an indicator of lower overall BS in DM. |
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What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics? |
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
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What are the 5 requirements of passive transport? |
NO energy High -> low concentration non-ionized pH -> acid to acid and base to base Smaller size |
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Why is it difficult to get meds to work on the brain? |
The tissue around the brain has very selective permeability. |
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When would active transport be used? |
For large, ionized, or water-soluable medications |
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What characteristic does a med need to have to be involved in active transport, and why? |
The substance must mimic endogenous substances (amino acids, sugars, proteins) so the pump will recognize the med as familiar and move it across the barrier. |
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What is the difference between facilitated transport and active transport? |
Facilitated does no need ATP and the carrier protein is named either a transporter or channel. Active requires energy and the carrier protein is named a pump. |
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What is "absorption"? |
The process from the administration route of a med until it reaches circulation. |
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How do you choose a preperation of a med? |
Least invasive but safe for patient's condition. |
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Which administration route has the issue of the first pass effect? |
Oral |
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What is the first pass effect? |
When only a fraction of a drug enters circulation. |
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What causes the loss of drug potency during the first pass effect? |
Some of the drug is lost to metabolism of the liver and biliary excretion. |
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What are drugs that don't get metabolized called? |
Unchanged |
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What are the five stages of the first pass effect? |
1. Drug is taken orally 2. Drug enters GI tract 3. Active drug is absorbed from stomach and small intestines 4. High blood concentration of drug is in hepatic portal vein 5. Low blood levels after passing through the liver. |
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What is the "bioavailability" of a drug? |
How much of the drug is available for absorption. |
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Which administration route has the highest bioavailability? The lowest? |
Highest - IV Lowest - Oral |
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What are the two technical phrases for "how much is available for absorption"? |
* Plasma concentration * Systemic circulation fraction |
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What types of drugs are more likely to bypass the first pass effect? And why? |
Water soluable (because of active transport) |
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What is an example of an unchanged drug? |
Amoxycillan |
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What do we do to a med to give it gastric pH protection? |
enteric coating |
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What patient variables are to be considered when calculating absorption rate? |
Bowel issues interstinal flora size of patient liver issues vomiting non-compliance dysphagia |
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What are two meds best given sublingually? |
Adavan Nitro glycerin |
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What is an advantage of taking a med sublingually vs orally? |
Bypass the first pass effect |
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Which route of administration only bypasses 50% of the first pass effect? |
Rectal |
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What is the major advantage of using a transdermal route? |
The slow and sustained release of the drug. |
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When does a med qualify as a slow release? |
When it takes longer than 8 hours to adsorb into circulation |
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What are the three best administration routes for slow release? |
Tablet Transdermal patch Intramuscular injection |
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Where is an acidic drug most likely to be absorbed? |
In the stomach |
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Where is a basic drug most likely to be absorbed? |
In the small intestine |
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What could be used to make a drug more basic? |
Enteric coating |
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What does Cmax mean? |
The rate of absorption |
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What does Tmax mean? |
The time it takes to reach maximum bioavailability |
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What does AUC mean? |
The extent of absorption |
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Put the following administration methods in order based on highest to lowest bioavailability: IV, Inhaled, Oral, Rectal, Subcutaneous. |
IV Inhaled Rectal Subcutaneous Oral |
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What is the word that describes how much of a drug that was absorbed will potentially reach the target? |
Distribution |
