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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the elements of lipids? |
C, H, O |
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what are the three types of lipids? |
1.) triglycerides 2.) phospholipids 3.) sterols |
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name the functions of lipids. |
1.) Provide and store (major) energy 2.) Supply essential fatty acid (EFA) to body from diet 3.) Provide insulation 4.) Contribute to formation of cell membranes 5.) Manufacture of prostaglandins 6.) Carry fat-soluble vitamins into body with high fat foods 7.) Provide palatability (flavor) to our foods 8.) Provide aroma (smell) to our foods 9.) Satiety value (a feeling of fullness) |
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what is the structure of triglycerides? |
1 glycerol; 3 fatty acids |
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how are fatty acids classified? |
1.) based upon the number of carbons in the chain 2.) based upon degree of saturation |
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room for no more H atoms in carbon chain; solid at room temp; typically found in animal fats; elevate cholesterol levels |
saturated fatty acids |
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name examples of saturated fats. |
butter, lard, egg yolk, cream, coconut oil, palm oil, corn oil stick margarine |
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1 double bond in carbon chain; room for 2 more H atoms; lower serum cholesterol levels |
monounsaturated fatty acids |
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name examples of monounsaturated fats. |
olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil |
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two or more double bonds in carbon chain; liquid at room temp; typically found in vegetable and fish oils; appear to lower serum cholesterol levels; position of double bond |
polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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name examples of polyunsaturated fats. |
corn oil, safflower oil, canola oil, sesame oil; salmon, tuna |
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found mainly in vegetable oils; may increase risk of certain cancers |
omega-6 fatty acids |
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found in cold water fish oils; salmon, tuna, mackerel; found in plant foods; flaxseed, canola oil, soy, dark leafy greens, dried beans; may decrease risk of certain cancers; may decrease risk of heart disease and strokes |
omega-3 fatty acids |
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why do we partially hydrogenate? |
to make it more solid at room temp for things such as stick margarine, cakes, pastries, frostings, etc. |
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what is an example of a phospholipid? |
lecithin |
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lowering dietary fat intake to below ___% of total kilocalories consumed may reduce the likelihood of developing certain types of cancer. |
35 |
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recommend consuming _____ mg of cholesterol per day |
< 300 |
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an example of anabolism; makes adipose tissue |
lipogenesis |
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where does lipogenesis occur? |
1.) liver
2.) adipocytes |
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what is an example of lipid catabolism? |
break down lipid molecule into fatty acids and glycerol |
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what are the elements of proteins? |
C, H, O, N, other elements (sulfur) |
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what is the structure of proteins? |
amino acids |
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how many different amino acids are there? |
20 |
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what are the functions of proteins? |
1.) build and repair body tissues (major) 2.) synthesis of enzymes, antibodies, and some non-steroidal hormones 3.) transportation of substances around body 4.) storage of various minerals 5.) help maintain water and acid base balance 6.) neurotransmitters (made up of amino acids) 7.) synthesis of peptides (made up of amino acids) 8.) contributes to sensory and physical properties of food 9.) provides energy |
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list examples of more complete proteins. |
animal protein foods; soybeans; meat; poultry; fish; milk and milk products (except cream); eggs (the egg white) |
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list examples of less complete proteins. |
plant protein foods; legumes; nuts; seeds; grains |
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eats eggs |
ovovegetarian |
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eats eggs and dairy |
eats eggs and dairy |
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what are the consequences of over-consumption of protein? |
1.) overtax kidneys and liver 2.) increased body fat stores and increased risk of certain health problems 3.) diets high in animal protein may increase risk of certain health problems 4.) increased excretion of calcium, increased risk of osteoporosis 5.) may aggravate gout |
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what are the different types of energy? name an example for each. |
1.) mechanical - movement 2.) chemical - ATP 3.) heat - maintain body temp 4.) light - sun 5.) electrical - nerve impulses |
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1 gram carbohydrate = ___ kilocalories |
4 |
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1 gram fat = ____ kilocalories |
9 |
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1 gram protein = ____ kilocalories |
4 |
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1 gram alcohol = ____ kilocalories |
7 |
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ATP = ____ kilocalories |
1 |
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no oxygen; muscle glycogen is only substrate; 10-120 seconds |
anaerobic metabolism |
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oxygen is present; carb, lipid, or protein are substrates |
aerobic metabolism
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energy required at rest |
basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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20% or more above desirable body weight; BMI > 30 |
obesity |
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what are the components of a recommended weight loss diet? |
1.) balanced, low kilocalorie diet 2.) regular aerobic exercise 3.) behavior modification |
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> or = 10% below recommended body weight; results from energy intake not meeting energy output |
underweight |
