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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
For patients with diverticulosis who are not experiencing active inflammation and infection, the recommended diet is
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high in fiber
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When consuming a high-fiber diet it is improtant to also consume adequate amounts of
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fluid
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Gas in the colon may often be caused by
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fermentation of foods by intestinal bacteria
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A common dietary cause of constipation is
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inadequate intakes of dietary fiber and fluids
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An example of a high-fiber breakfast is
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oatmeal and whole-wheat toast with jam
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Chronic diarreha is usually caused by
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GI irritation or malabsorption
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Treatment of diarrhea generally begins with
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adequate fluids to hydrate patient
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The basic meal plan for inflammatory bowel disease should be
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high kcal, high protien
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Patients with inflammatory bowel disease may benefit from a high-fiber diet during
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times of remission
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Fluid loss is most lokely to be a problem for a patient with
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an ileostomy
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When the entire colon and rectum have been removed, the patient would have
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ian ileostomy
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As effluent progresses through the colon, it becomes more
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solid
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Short-bowel syndrome occurs in patients who have under gone removal of large portions of the
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small intestine
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Patients with short-bowel syndrome sometimes require parenteral nutrtions support to achieve adequate intakes of nutrients and kcal. It is important for them to return to enteral feedings to prevent
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atrophy of the GI tract
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Infection and inflammation of pouchlike protrusions from the muscualr laryer of the colon is known as
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diverticulitis
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Nutrtion therapy for peptic ulcers should be individualized, but most patients should
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avoid caffeine
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Patients who have undergone total or partia gastrectomy may experiance
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dumping syndrome
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Medical nutrition therapy for dumping syndrome includes
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drinking liquids between meals and limiting intake of simple carohydrates
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Patients with celiac disease should avoid foods that contain
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wheat, rye, and barely
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An example of a meal that may contain gluten is
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meatloaf with mashpotatos
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Individuals with lactose intolerance may tolerate good that contain small amounts of lactose if they are
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consumed with other foods
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Milk may be make suitable for paitents with lactose intolerance by treating it with tablets that contain
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lactase enzyme
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Major symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease include
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diarrhea and abdominal pain
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The purpose of diet therapy for patients with dysphagia is to avoid
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aspiration
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The three stages of swallowing are the
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oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases
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In patients with swallowing problems, the safest position for eatinga nd drinking is
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sitting upright
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A nurse may suspect that a patient has difficulty swallowing if he or she
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coughs frequently before and after swallowing
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If it is left untreated, hastroesophageal refluz disease (GERD) may lead to
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esophagitis
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Food and beverages that tend to relax the lower esophageal sphincter and allow gastroesophageal reflux include
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chocolate, high-fat foods, and tomato products
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Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is more common in individuals who are chromic users of
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nonsterodial antiinflammatory drugs
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A common disorder in patients who abuse alcohol is
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fatty liver
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It is possible to reverse fatty inflitration of the liver by
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removing the underlying cause
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A symptom that is common to all types of hepatitis is
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dehydration
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The recommended diet for patients with hepatitis A or B is a well-balanced diet with
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no alchoholic beverages
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If a client will be traveling oversease and wishes to avoid infections with hep E, he or she should be advised to avoid eating
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raw fruits and vagetables
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For patients with hepatitis, a significant barrier to maintaining an adequate intake of kcal is
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loss of appetite
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In cirrhosis of the liver, liver cells
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are replaced by accumulation of fibrous connective tissue and fat
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A low-fiber, soft diet is recommened for patients with
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esophageal varices
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Patients with ascities should restrict their intake of
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sodium
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If a patient with cirrhosis of the liver becomes confused and apathetic, he or she may be developing
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hepatic encephalopathy
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Drugs that are used to treat hepatic encephalopathy include
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neomycin and lactulose
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Moderate alchohol intke is generally definded as
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1-2 drinks per day
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Mderate daily alcohol intake may help reduce risk of
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heart disease
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If a patent with cirrhosis of the liver seems to be vulnerable to development of hepatic encephalopathy, dies may be supplemented with a formula that contains
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branched-chain amino acids
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An adequate kcal intake is especially improtant for patients with cirrhoisis of the liver to prevent
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muscle catabolism
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A patient with end stage liver disease may lose fat sotres and muscle mass, but this may not be evident from measurements of body weight because of
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ascites and edema
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After liver trasplantation, long-term nutrtion management may need to be tailored to help prevent
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excessive weight gain, hpertension and hyperlipidemia
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An example of an individual who may be at high risk for gall stones is a
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mother with four children who has lost 25 pounds in the past 3 months
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Cholecystitis is caused by
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blockage of the bile duct by gallstomes, bacterial infection, or ischemia
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If a patient experiences chronic symptoms of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, the recommened nutrtion therapy is
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a low fat diet
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After surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), long-term dietary recommendations are
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a well balanced diet with no other restrictions
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Pancreatitis results in
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decreased production of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, causeing malabsorption of fats and proteins
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During acute episodes of pancreatitis, pateints often require
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enteral or parenteral nutrition
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When patients wtih pancreatitis are able to tolerate enteral feeding, the recommeneded formula is usually a
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low-fat elemental formula infused into the jejunum
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Cystic fibrosis is caused by
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a genetic defect
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Most patients ith cystic fibrosis require a
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high-kcal diet, multivitamin supplements, and enzyme replacement therapy
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One of the most important tools for coping with the reality of a serious chronic disease such as cystic fibrosis is
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having a sense of humor
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Infants with cystic fibrosis
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may be breastfed with use of enzyme replacement therapy
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A bottle of beer and contains 13 g of carbs and 6 g of alcohol provides
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164 kcal
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For women with DM type 1, good metabolic control is especially important at the time of conception and during the first trimester to prevent
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fetal malformations
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Most Children who develop type 2 diabetes are treated using diet, exercise, and
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oral hypoglycemic agents
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Patients with type 1 diabetes should be taught to regulate the
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total amount of carbohydrates in meals and snacks
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Meal planning approaches used in the Diabetes control and comlications trial include
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counting carbohydrates
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Sugar alcohol appears to be safe for use as sweetening agents, bt their use may
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cause diarreha
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To facilitate compliance the perscribed meal plan for patients with diabetes mellitus should
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be based on the patients usual eating habits
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During illness patients with type 1 diabetes are likely to need
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more insulin
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Patients with type 1 diabetes who are sick and unable to eat should consume
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liquid, semiliquid, or soft sources of carbohydrates
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Patients with diabetes and gastroparesis may benefit from
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six small meals daily
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Control of maternal BG levels is important during pregnancy to protect the infeant from development of
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macosomia
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Patients with type 2 diabetes are most likely to maintain good meabolic control if they
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space their meals evenly through the day
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Glycosylated hemoglobin level is used to indicate
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overall blood glucose control over several weeks
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A young man with type 1 diabetes runs 3 miles, falls asleep on the sofa, and forgets to eat his next meal, He is likely to experience
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hypoglycemia
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Symptoms of Low BG's are usually experienced when the blood glucose level falls below
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50 mg/dL
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Diabetic ketoacidosis may occur in a patient with type 1 diabetes who
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goes away for the weekend and forgets to take his insulin
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Ketones accumulate in the blood during diabetic ketoacidosis because of
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increased metabolism of fatty acids and decreased metabolism of glucose
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Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome is charaterized by hyperglycemia
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without ketosis
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American Diabetes Association goals for individuals at risk for type 2 include
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increasing physical activity and moderate weight loss
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Type 2 diabetes is becoming more prevalent in children, largely because of
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the increasing prevalence of overweight children
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For individuals with diabetes mellitus, glycosylated hemoglobin HgbA1c levels shuld be less than
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7 %
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The ethnic grop that has the lowest prevalence of type 2 diabetes is
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non-Hispanic whites
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Exogenous insulin is a required part of treatment for all individuals with
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type 1 diabetes mellitus
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The main difference between the different types of exogenous insulin is
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the length of time they take to act in the body
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Sulfonylureas and glipizides decrease blood glucose levels by
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stimulating insulin secretion
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Patients with diabetes mellitus should exerciseat times when thier blood glucose level is
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between 100 and 200 mg/dL
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To prevent hypoglycemia after exercise, patients with type 1 diabetes should
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increase their intake of carbohydrate-based foods
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A person is diagnosed as having diabetes if his fasting blood gucose level on two occasions is greater than
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126 mg/dL
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Long-term complicatins of diabetes mellitus include
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retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy
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The type of diabetes therapy that seems to be most effective in decreasing and delaying the comlications of diabetes is
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intensive therapy
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The cause of type 1 diabetes is
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destruction of pancreatic beta cells
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The two strongest risk factors for type 2 are
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obestiy and family history
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In individuals with type 2 diabetes, insulin production is generally
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increased
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Most patients with acute respiratory failure require enteral of parenterl nutrtion support because they
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require mechanical ventilation
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When using parenteral nturtion support for patient with acute resp failure, it is improtant to avoid use of high glucose concetrations because
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they result in excess carbon dioxide production
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The pain pupose of nutrition therapy for patients who have just experianced a myocardial infarction is to decrease
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the workload of the heart
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One or 2 days after the myocardial infarctin, patients are likely to best tolerate
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smail, frequant meals
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For patients with congestive heart failure, nutrition therapy focuses on
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restriction of dietary sodium intake
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If patients with congestive heart failure experience cardiac cachexia, it is important to make sure that they have adequate intakes of
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energy and protein
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Whenever possible, dietary education to decrease risk of coronary heart disease should include
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the entire family
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Compared with a comparable regular food, a food product that calins to be 'light' must contain
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33% fewer kcal or 50% less fat
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Malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may require protien intakes in the range of
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1.6-2.5 g/kg body weight
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The respiratory quotient may be decreased by increasing the proportion of energy intake from
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fat
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The first step in therapy to reduce the risk for coronary heart disease is
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nutrtion therapy
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Drug therapy should be initiated at the same time as therapeutic lifestyle changes only in patients who
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have severe hypercholesterolemia
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Primary or essential hypertension is caused by
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unknown factors
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A patient has hypertension if his or her blood pressure is greater than
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140/90 mm Hg
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Before drug therapy is considered, pts with mild to moderate hypertension should attempt to lower thier BP with lifestyle modifications for
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3-6 months
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Risks of hypertension may be decreased by increasing intake of foods that are good sources of
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potassium, magnesium, and calcium
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For most people, th emost effective way to lower high BP is to
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achieve and maitian a healthy weight
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In America, most dietary sodium comes from
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salt added to foods during processing
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Serum triglyceride levels are considered to be normal if thye are
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<150 mg/dL serum Triglyceride
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Risk of cardiovascular disease is inversely associated with level of
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high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
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Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) recommended to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease include reduced intake of
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saturated fats
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Each 1% increase in dietary kcal from saturated fats is associated with an increase in LDL choleserol level of about
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2%
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Most dietary fat should be in the form of
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monounsaturated fat
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The type of fiber that is most effective in helping to decrease LDL cholesterol levels os
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soluble fiber
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Therapeutic lifestyle changes to decrease the risk of cornonary heart disease include limiting dietary cholesterol intake to less than
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200 mg/day
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A dietary change that is likely to have a significant effect on reducing the risk of coronary heart disease is
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switching to oatmeal for breakfast
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Risk factors for cardiovascular disease that make be modified by dietary or other lifestyle changes include
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physical inactivity
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The term arteriosclerosis refers to
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thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls
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If a patient has a thrombosis in a cerebral artery, he would experiance
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a stroke
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Peripheral vascular disease occurs when atherosclerosis causes blockages in the
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abdominal aorta, iliac arteries, and femoral arteries
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Cholesterol travels in the bloodstream in
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lipoproteins
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Goals of therapy to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease focus on lowering levels of
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LDL cholesterol
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A desirable serum total cholesterol level is
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<200 mg/dL
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