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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the nutrients with antioxidant properties?
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Vitamin A
Vitamin E Vitamin C Selenium |
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What is it called when an atom gains an electron?
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Reduction
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What is it called when an atom loses an electron?
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Oxidation
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What is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
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Oxygen molecule that becomes a free radical
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Where do free radicals form and what do they do there?
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In phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes
They steal electrons |
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What 3 things do free radicals damage?
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LDLs, cell proteins, and DNA
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What are the three types of antioxidants?
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Antioxidant vitamins
Antioxidant minerals Antioxidant enzymes |
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How do antioxidant minerals work against free radicals?
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They act as cofactors within enzyme systems that convert free radicals to less damaging substances that can be excreted
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How do antioxidant vitamins work against free radicals?
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donate their electrons or hydrogen molecules to free radicals to stabilize them and reduce oxidation damage
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What converts free radicals to less damaging substances, such as hydrogen peroxide?
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Superoxide dismutase
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What removes hydrogen peroxide from the body?
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Catalase
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What does superoxide dismutase do?
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Convert free radicals to less damaging substances, such as hydrogen peroxide
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Which precursor to Vitamin A has antioxidant properties?
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Beta-carotene
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What are the two forms of vitamin E?
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Tocopherol
Alpha-tocopherol |
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What is alpha-tocopherol?
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The most active and potent form of Vitamin E. Found in food and supplements
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What is tocopherol?
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The biologically active forms of vitamin E
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What is added to oil-based foods and skincare products to reduce rancidity and spoilage?
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Vitamin E
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What is used for normal nerve and muscle development?
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Vitamin E
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Does Vitamin E affect the immune system?
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Yes, it enhances it
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What vitamin promotes better vitamin A absorption?
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Vitamin E
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What Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), fatty cell components, and LDLs from oxidization (lower heart disease risk) ?
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Vitamin E
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RDA for Vitamin E?
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15 mg alpha-tocopherol per day
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UL of vitamin E?
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1000 mg alpha-tocopherol per day
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What destroys vitamin E?
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Exposure to oxygen, metals, UV light, heat
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Is there a high or low amount of vitamin E in deep-fried, processed foods?
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Low amount
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What is the recommended intake for beta-carotene?
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There is none right now
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What is the recommended intake for selenium?
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55 micrograms
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What interacts with coagulants in high amounts? (aspirin, coumadin)
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Vitamin E
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Long-term toxicity of Vitamin E can cause what?
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Hemorrhagic stroke
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Deficiency of what vitamin leads to anemia?
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Vitamin E
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Deficiency of what vitamin is associated with fat malabsorption?
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Vitamin E
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What vitamin is used to synthesize hormones, carnitine, bile, neurotransmitters, and collagen?
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Vitamin C
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What form does Vitamin C convert to after donating protons to free radicals?
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Dehydroascorbic acid
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How many protons can ascorbic acid donate to free radicals before becoming dehydroascorbic acid?
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2 protons
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What are the cancer-causing agents found in cured and processed meats that Vitamin C is used to reduce?
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Nitrosamines
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What vitamin regenerates oxidized vitamin E?
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Vitamin C
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What vitamin enhances absorption of iron?
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Vitamin C
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RDA for men/women of Vitamin C?
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90 mg/day (men
75 mg/day (women) |
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UL of vitamin C per day for adults?
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2,000 mg/day
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How much additional Vitamin C do smokers require each day?
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35 mg/day
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What is vitamin C destroyed by?
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Heat and oxygen
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What effects do steaming, microwaving, and stir-frying have on vitamin C?
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Minimizes loss of it
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What is hemachromatosis?
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Condition of excess iron accumulation in the body
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High risk of vitamin C deficiency occurs in who?
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People with low fruit and vegetable intake, and people with alcohol and drug abuse
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What unit is beta-carotene expressed in?
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Retinol Activity Equivalents
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How many molecules of vitamin A result from one molecule of beta-carotene?
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2
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What form of vitamin A results from cleavage of beta-carotene?
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Retinol
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Is beta-carotene a strong or weak antioxidant?
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Weak
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Where does beta-carotene fight lipid oxidation?
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in cell membranes
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Beta-carotene prevents age-related impairment of what?
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Vision
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What foods are sources of beta-carotene?
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Red, orange, yellow, and deep-green fruits and vegetables
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What affect does heat have on digestibility and absorption of beta-carotene?
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Improves digestibility and absorption
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What are the active forms of Vitamin A?
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Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
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Where is vitamin A mainly stored?
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In the liver
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Which form of Vitamin A improves cell differentiation, but not vision or sexual reproduction?
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Retinoic acid
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