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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Cell:
1) Cell is basis of what? 2) Cells form 4 types of tissue, what are they and what is their function? |
1) Human Physiology
2) a. Epithelial: lines body surfaces; absorbs nutrients, secretes substances, and excretes waste b. Connective tissue: supports and protects body by holding structures together c. Muscle tissue: movement d. Nerve tissue: communication |
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP):
1) Function 2) Cells make ATP from what? (2) |
1) Energy source for cells (body), needed for cells to complete their work
2) Cells make ATP from nutrients and oxygen |
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The Disgestive system is responsible for what two things and what do they do?
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1) Digestion: process of breaking down food into form body can use
2) Absorption: uptake of nutrients into blood or lymph |
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Disgestive System Organs:
1) The Gastrointestinal Tract countains what organs? 2) What is digested and absorbed in GI tract 3) What are the accessory organs 4) what is the function of the accessory organs |
1) mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
2) All nutrients 3) Liver, pancreas, and gall bladder 4) Produce secretions which aid in digestion and absoption |
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GI Tract:
1) Describe Structure 2) All nutrients pass through to be what? 3) What is located along the GI tract? |
1) Long, muscular tube with multilayered walls
2) absorbed 3) Sphincters |
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Sphincters:
1) What kind of muscle? 2) Prevents food from doing what? 3) Helps with what? |
1) Ring-like muscle: open and close to control contents
2) moving through tract too quickly 3) moving food along tract (motility) |
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What are the functions:
1) Lower Esophageal Sphincter 2) Pyloric sphincter 3) Sphincter of Oddi 4) Illeocecal Sphincter 5) Anal Sphincter |
1) Prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus
2) Control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine 3) Control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine 4) Prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine 5) Prevent defecation until person desires to do so |
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What is the Site of Production and Function of these Secretions:
1) Saliva 2) Mucus 3) Enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) |
1) Mouth; Contributes to starch digestion, lubrication, and swallowing
2) Mouth, stomach, small and large intestines; Protects GI tract cells, lubricates digesting food 3) Mouth, stomach, small intestines, and pancreas; promotes digestion of carbohydrates, fats and protein into forms small enough for absorption |
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What is the Site of Production and Function of these Secretions:
4) Acid (HCL) 5) Bile 6) Bicarbonate 7) Hormones |
4) Stomach; promotes digestion of protein, destroys microorganisms, increases solubility of minerals
5) Liver (stored in gallbladder); aids in fat digestion (emulsifies fat) 6) Pancreas, small intestine; neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches small intestine 7) Stomach, small intestine; regulates digestion and absorption |
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What are enzymes?
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Molecules which catalyze chemical reactions to increase rate of chemical reaction
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Mouth:
1) what does chewing accomplish? 2) what is bolus? 3) what are the three functions of saliva? |
1) increases surface area
2) bolus 3) a. lysozyme- break down bacteria b. amylase- enzyme which break down starch c. mucus- lubricates, and holds bolus together |
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Taste and Smell:
1) Taste buds accomplish what 5 kinds of taste? 2) Olfactory glands accomplish what? |
1) salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami (savory/meaty)
2) senses of smell, enhances taste and flavor |
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Esophagus:
1) What does swallowing do? 2) Epiglottis does what? (2) |
1) moves bolus from the mouth to stomach
2) Prevents food from lodging in the traches and covers the larynx |
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What are the 3 steps in the swallowing process?
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1) Bolus of food is pushed by tongue against hard palate and then moves toward pharynx
2) As bolus moves into pharynx, epiglottis closes over larynx 3) Esophageal muscle contractions push bolus toward stomach. Epiglottis then returns to its normal position |
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Stomach-Bolus:
1) where is the bolus located? 2) what is the function of the bolus? 3) When bolus is mixed with stomach secretions what is it called` |
1) Through lower esophageal sphincter into stomach
2) Holding and mixing tank capacity of 4 cups, and holds food for 2-4 hours 3) chyme |
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Stomach-Chyme:
1) What is the Pathway of chyme? 2) What is the function of the Gastric Inhibitory Peptide Hormone? |
1) Chyme-pyloric sphincter-small intestine
2) slows release of food from the stomach to the small intestine |
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Stomach Secretions:
1) Parietal Cells secrete what? 2) What does #1 help with? (4) 3) What is the function of pepsinogen? |
1) HCL
2) a. protein digestion b. mineral absorption c. killing bacteria, viruses d. converts pepsinogen into active pepsin 3) protein digesting enzyme |
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Stomach Secretions:
1) Chief cells produce what and what is their function 2) What is the function of Gastrin? 3) When is Gastrin secreted? 4) What is the function of Mucus? |
1) Gastric lipase; enzyme that works upon lipids
2) Hormone that controls release of HCL and pepsinogen 3) when we eat/think about eating 4) Protects the stomach from being digested |
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Small Intestine:
1) What are the 3 segments? 2) What about the diameter? 3) What is it lined with? 4) How long does food remain in the small intestines? 5) What % of digestion takes place here? |
1) a. duodenum (10 in) b. Jejunum (4 ft) c. Ileum (5 ft)
2) it is narrow 3) Villi and microvilli which increase its surface area 4) 3-10 hours 5) 95, mostly in duodenum and upper jejunum |
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Large Intestine (Colon):
1) What are the 5 segments? 2) What take place here? 3) How long does food remain in colon? 4) Where does it terminate? 5) What does eliminate? |
1) Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon.
2) little digestion, absorption of water and electrolytes 3) 24-72 hours 4) rectum 5) feces-anus |
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Bacterial Flora:
What is the function of beneficial bacteria in large intestine? (2) |
1) Controls pathogenic bacteria growth, helps make few vitamins, aids digestion
2) Normal balance can be disrupted, leading to problems |
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Bacterial Flora:
What are the ways for achieving healthy bacterial balance? (2) |
1) Pro-biotic: Live bacteria found in fermented food
2) Pre-biotic: Non digestib le carbohydrates, promote the growth of good bacteria |
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How does fermentation relate to pro-biotic?
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Fermentation is food processsing using microorganisms
ex: sugar to alcohol using yeast and bacteria (ex: lactobacillus) to make foods |
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What is the secretion from the liver and what is its function?
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Production of bile, which aid in fat digestions and absorption (emulsifies fat) ex: oil and vinegar.
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What are the 2 secretions of the pancreas and and what is their function?
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1) Produces enzymes, lips (fat), proteases (protein) and pancreatic amylase (cho)
2) Produces sodium bicaronate, neutralizes acidic chyme from stomach, protects small intestine |
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What is the function of the Gallbladder?
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Bile storage
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Hormones of the GI Tract:
1) What is the function of the hormones? 2) What are the four hormones? |
1) Chemical messengers which control digestion and absorption?
2) a. gastrin b. chilescystokinin (cck) c. secretin d. gastric inhibitory peptide |
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Gastrin:
1) Stimulated in response to what? 2) Originate from where? 3) Stimulates what 2 things? |
1) food, thoughts of food
2) stomach and duodenum 3) a. flow of stomach secretions: pepsinogen, HCL b. gastric, intestinal motility movement of contents |
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CHolecystokinin (CCK):
1) Originates from? 2) Stimulated by? 3) Stimulated what 2 things? |
1) the small intestine
2) food, presence of fat 3) a. contraction of gallbladder, flow of bile b. release of pancreatic enzymes (lipase etc) |
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Secretin:
1) Originates from? 2) Stimulated by? 3) Stimulates secretion of what? 4) What does #3 do? |
1) Small intestine
2) presence of acidic chyme 3) sodium bicarbonate 4) enzyme from pancreas: neutralizes acidic chyme from stomach, protects small intestine |
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Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP):
1) Originates from? 2) Inhibits? 3) Slows what? |
1) small intestines as digestion progresses
2) stomach secretions (HCl, pepsinogen) 3) gastric motility |
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Absorption-Small Intestine:
1) What are the absorptive cells called located on villi? 2) What are the 3 functions of #1? 3) Newly formed cells constantly migrate to do what? |
1) enterocytes
2) a. cells border made of microvilli b. cells absorbn nutrients, into blood or lymph c. "brush border" 3) replace dying cells (<6 days): consequently they heal very quickly |
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Types of Absorption (moving nutrients):
1) Passive (3)? 2) Faciliated (2)? 3) Active (1)? 4) Endocytosis? |
1) a. nutrients pass through cells (permeable)
b. High to low concentration c. no energy 2) a. Carrier moves nutirents b. High to low concentration c. No energy 3) uses a carrier, ATP 4) Cell engulfs nutrient, forms vesicle which is eventually pinched off and moved into cell |
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After absorption, nutrients go to 1 of 2 circulatory systems, what are they and what decides where each nutrient goes?
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Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic System; based on solubility
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Moving Nutrients in the Body-Cardiovascular System:
1) System is made up of what three things? 2) This system absorbs what? 3) Nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream from _____, go to _____ (which further process them) then to _____ _____ via blood stream. |
1) Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
2) Water-soluble nutrients ( Vitamin B and C and Carbohydrates) 3) villi, liver, body cells |
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Moving Nutrients in the Body-Lymphatic System:
1) System is made up of what two things? 2) This system absorbs what? 3) Nutrients enter lymphatic vessels in _____ (lacteals), travel via _____ _____ to bloodstream, then to _____ system. |
1) Lymph and Lymphatic Vessels
2) Fat-soluble nutrients, large particles 3) villi, lymph system, cardiovascular system |
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What is the Storage Capabilities of the Body For:
1) Lipids? 2) CHO? 3) Protein? 4) Vit/ Min? 5) Calcium? |
1) adipose tissue
2) muscle (glycogen), liver, blood (glucose) 3) muscle tissue 4) Liver (exess excreted via urine) 5) Bone |
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Heart Burn:
1) Aka? 2) Symptoms? 3) Acid from the stomach goes where? 4) Treatment (5)? |
1) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
2) Gnawing pain in upper chest due to the sphincter muscle not working properly 3) To the Esophagus 4) a. Smaller meals b. Less fatty meals c. Stop smoking d. Do not lie down after eating e. and Avoid offending foods (fatty, high acid food, and caffeine) |
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Constipation:
1) Symptoms 2) Causes (3)? 3) Treatment (2)? |
1) Difficult/infrequent bowel movements
2) a. ignoring normal urge, increases fluid reabsoption; hardening of the feces b. antacids, calcium and iron supplements c. low fiber diets 3) a. Healthy lifestyle: lots of fruits and vegetables, water, physical activity, and fluids b. Laxatives |
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Diarrhea:
1) Symptoms? 2) Causes? (2) 3) Treatment? (3) |
1) Loose stools, more than 3xday
2) a. intestinal infection, parasites, food intolerances b. consuming substances not regularly absorbed (ex: sorbital=sugar alcohol and olestra=fat substitute) 3) a. Increased fluid intake b. Reduced intake of poorly absorbed substances ( avoid greasy, high fiber or very sweet foods) c. Prompt treatment for infants or older adults to prevent dehydration |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome:
1) Symptoms? 2) Is there a cure? 3) What are the causes? 4) Treatment? |
1) Iregular bowels (diarrhea, constipation) abdominal pain and/or visible distension
2) No 3) Causes not known (maybe stress and diet intolerances) 4) Dietary changes: high fiber foods, probiotics; restirction of high fat, dairy, wheat, caffeine etc. |
