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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is organizational behavior?
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the study of human behavior in the workplace, the interaction between people and the organization with the intent to understand and predict human behavior
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Define organization
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a group with two or more people that share a common set of goals and meet at regular times
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What is a critical skill for leadership?
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understanding human behavior in organizations
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What does one need to be a successful leader?
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One needs to understand the behaviors of people, organizations, and the situation
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What must we do to be an effective leader?
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We must replace common sense and intuition in favor of a systematic study of human behavior
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Define common sense
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The unreflective opinion of ordinary men and women, unsophisticated judgement
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Define intuition
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A feeling not necessarily supported by research
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Define systematic study
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Looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence
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What have we learned (4 things) about organizational behaviors through systematic studies?
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(1) Behavior is generally predictable
(2) Recognize there are differences between individuals (3)There are fundamental consistencies (4)There are rules (written and unwritten) in almost every setting impacting behavior |
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What is changing that required systematic study?
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(1) Mergers
(2) Diversity (3) Global Competition (outsourcing) (4) Technologies influence on behavior (5) Society (social changes) |
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What valuable leadership skill can we gain with strong interpersonal skills through a study in organizational behavior?
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We can begin to predict how others will behave in a given situation
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What does human behavior depend on?
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Contingencies
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What are the independent variables in an OB model?
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(1) Individual-level behaviors
(2) Group-level behaviors (3) Organizational systems-level variables |
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What are the dependent variables in an OB model?
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(1) Productivity
(2) Absenteeism (3) Turnover (4) Job Satisfaction |
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What is the goal of OB?
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The understand and predict human behavior
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What is OB a function of?
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The individual, the situation, and/or the environment
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(T/F) OB is an intuitive analysis of human behavior?
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FALSE; OB is NOT an intuitive analysis of human behavior
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What does OB use to improve predictions of behavior within the different organization?
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Systematic studies
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How do systematic studies apply to OB?
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To study OB, one needs to move from an intuition and common sense approach to a systematic study
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Define personality
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A set of traits and characteristics that form a pattern distinguishing one person from all the others; the sum total ways that an individual reacts and interacts with others
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How can you learn to deal with others' personality?
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Learn how to relate to other people; don't always be self centered
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What are the 3 factors that define a person?
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(1) Personality
(2) Ability (3) How a person learns |
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What determines personality?
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Heredity, environment, situation
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Describe type A personality
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Seem to always be moving, walk/eats rapidly, multitasker, can't relax b/c its time wasted, obsessed with numbers and with trying to acquire things
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Describe type B personality
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No sense of time urgency, doesn't discuss their achievements, plans for fun and relaxation, and can relax without guilt
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Describe self-monitoring personality descriptor.
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always examining one self; internal and external locus of control
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Describe machiavellianism personality descriptors.
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authoritative and matter-of-fact; the ends justify the means
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Define self-esteem
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Self assessment of your own self worth and value
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What are the Jungian 16-type indicators?
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Introvert vs. Extrovert
Sensing vs. Intuitive Thinking vs. Feeling Judging vs. Perceiving |
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Define ability
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An individual's capacity to perform the various tasks in a job
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Define intellectual ability
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Those abilities required to do mental activities such as verbal comprehension, inductive and deductive reasoning, spatial visualization, memory and number aptitude
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Define physical activities
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Those abilities required to do physical tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics
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Define Ability-Job Fit
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An employee's performance is enhanced when there is a high ability-job fit
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Define learning
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any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
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What are the 3 theories of learning?
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(1) Classical Conditioning
(2) Operant Conditioning (3) Social Learning |
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Define classical conditioning
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Response to a stimulus that would not usually produce such a response
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Define operant conditioning
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Where desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents punishment
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Define social learning
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learning through experience and relationships
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What are the 4 learning style?
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Bodily - Kinesthetic
Visual - Spatial Verbal - Linguistic Logical - Mathematical |
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Describe the bodily-kinesthetic learning style
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Study in a group, think in practical uses, pace and recite while learning, act out material, use flash cards, teach the material
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Describe the visual-spatial learning style
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Add diagrams to notes, organize notes in outline form, connect related facts in notes, color-code notes using different colored highlighters
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Describe verbal-linguistic learning style
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Talk about what you learn, read the textbook and highlight no more than 10%, rewrite your notes, outline chapters, recite information
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Describe the logical-mathematical learning style
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Study in a quiet setting, when reading stop periodically to reflect on what you have read, study applications causes and effects of materials, write short summaries of material
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Define perception
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The way people organize and interpret the world around them in order to give meaning to their surroundings
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What are people's behaviors based on?
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how they interpret reality, not reality itself
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What is perception influenced by?
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the perceiver, the target, and the situation
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What are some factors that effect the perceiver?
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Attitudes, motives, interest, experience, and expectations
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What are some factors that effect the target?
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Motion, sounds, size, background, proximity
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What are some factors that effect the situation?
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Time, work setting, and social setting
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Define projection
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Attributing one's own characteristics to other people
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Define selective perception
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People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interest, background, experience, and attitutudes
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Define stereotyping
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Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs
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Define halo effect
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Drawing a general positive impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
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Define contrast effect
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Evaluating a person's characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower ont eh same characteristics
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Define horn effect
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Drawing a general negative impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
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Define attribution theory
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Determining whether another person's behavior is caused by internal or external factors
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What 3 attributes condition the attribution theory?
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(1) consensus in behavior
(2) consistency in behavior (3) distinctiveness in behavior |
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Define internal locus of control
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People who believe they control their own destiny
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Define external locus of control
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People who believe that external factors control them
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What is the self-serving bias error?
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A tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors and place blame for failure son external factors. Their approach is self-serving
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What is the fundamental attribution error?
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We tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors
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Where can you apply what we've learned about perception?
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Dating, interviews, performance, performance evaluations, employee effort, employee loyalty
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Why do we need to study perceptions?
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To improve our decision-making performance
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Define values
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basic convictions (notions) about what is right and wrong, good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable
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What do values influence?
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Attitudes and Behavior
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Define value system
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A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual's values
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What determines 40-50% of our values?
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Genetics
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What other factors influence our values?
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Nationalism, culture, parents, teachers, friends, and similar environmental influences
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How do values differ?
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Between generations, regions, and cultures
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Define terminal values
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The end-state we hope to achieve in your life
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Define instrumental values
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Means of achieving these terminal values
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What are the 3 evaluative components of attitudes?
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(1) Cognitive component
(2) Affective component (3) Behavioral component |
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Explain the cognitive component
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The opinion or belief segment of an attitude
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Explain the affective component
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The emotion or feeling segment of an attitude
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Explain the behavioral component
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The intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something
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What are some sources of attitude?
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Parents, teachers, and peer group members
Genetic predispositions Observations, attitudes that we imitate |
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Which is more stable: values or attitude?
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Values
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Define cognitive dissonance
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A conflict between two values or between values and behavior
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What is job involvement?
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Extent that a person identifies with his job
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Define organizational commitment
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Extent that a person identifies with the organization
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What is job satisfaction?
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A person's general attitude toward work
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What is the first attitude point listed in your notes?
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Attitude tells the world what we expect in return
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What is the second attitude point listed in your notes?
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Our attitudes toward life determines life's attitude toward us.
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What is the third attitude point listed in your notes?
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To achieve and find the life you want, you must think, act, talk, and conduct yourself as would the person you want to become
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What is the fourth attitude point listed in your notes?
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The higher you go up in any organization of value, the greater the attitude you will find; success is the result of a great attitude
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What is motivation?
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The willingness of a person to exert high levels of effort to satisfy some individual need or want
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What is effort?
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A measure of intensity
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What is a need?
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some internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive
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What are Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
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TOP Self-actualization (inner satisfaction) > Ego or Esteem Needs (need to be valued) > Social/Belonging Needs (relationships) > Safety/Security Needs (shelter and free of threats) > Physical Needs (food) BOTTOM
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Explain Alderfer's ERG Theory of Motivation (what are the parts)?
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Existence, Relatedness, and Growth all work together to give motivations
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What are the 2 independent scales of the Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory?
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Satisfaction and No Satisfaction (motivators)
Dissatisfaction and No Dissatisfaction (hygiene factors- things that keep it a nice place to work) |
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Who developed Theory X & Y?
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McGregor
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Describe Theory X
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Managers are pessimistic about workers capabilities, believe that people dislike work, seek to avoid responsibility, and are not ambitious, must be closely supervised
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Describe Theory Y
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Managers are more optimistic about workers' capabilities, believe people enjoy work, willingly accept responsibility, exercise self-control, have the capacity to innovate, and work is as natural as play
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What are the 3 needs of the McClelland's Needs Theory?
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(1) Achievement
(2) Power (3) Affiliation |
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Explain the need for achievement
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the drive to accomplish challenging goals
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Explain the need for power
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The desire to control others; to influence others' behavior according to one's wishes
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Explain the need for affiliation
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The desire for close relationships with others
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Define goal
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What a person tries to attain, accomplish, or achieve
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What do goals tell an employee?
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What needs to be done and how much effort will need to be expended
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What is an internal stimulus?
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A specific hard goal that is understood and accepted by the individual acts as an internal stimulus
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Explain the Equity Theory of Motivation
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Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond so as to eliminate any inequities
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What do the Equity Theory of Motivation recognize about individuals?
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Individuals are concerned not only with the absolute amount of reward for their efforts, but also with the relationship of this amount to what others receive
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What are some examples of inputs of Equity Theory of Motivation?
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Performance, education, organizational level, tenure/seniority, gender
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What are some examples of outputs of Equity Theory of motivation?
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Social reward, benefits, recognition, actual pay, perks
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In the Equity Theory of Motivation, if there is an imbalance is perceived, what could be done?
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Change the inputs, outcomes, and one's self-perception, look at another measurement, and choose a different reference point or to leave
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Explain the reinforcement theory
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A behaviorist approach argues that reinforcement conditions behavior; see behavior as being behaviorally caused
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What does the reinforcement theory ignore and concentrate on?
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Ignores the inner state of the individual and concentrates on what happens to a person when he or she takes some action
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Define positive reinforcement
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Means providing a positive response when a person demonstrates the desired behavior
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Define negative reinforcement
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Rewarding by taking away uncomfortable consequences
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Define punishment
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The application of an undesirable consequence for an undesired behavior
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Define extinction
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The reduction in frequency of undesired behavior by removing the reward for such behavior
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Explain the Expectancy Theory
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The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractivenees of that outcome to the individual.
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What 3 relationships does the Expectancy Theory focus on?
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(1) Effort-performance relationship
(2) Performance-reward relationship (3) Reward-personal goals relationship |
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Explain effort-performance relationships
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The probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance
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Explain the performance-reward relationship
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The degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome
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Explain the reward-personal goal relationship
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The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual
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Define stress
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A general term applied to pressures people feel in life; also the way we react physically and emotionally to demands where the outcome is uncertain and important
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What two conditions are necessary for potential stress to become actual stress?
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Uncertainty and importance
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Describe the relationship between stress and job performance
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The higher the stress the better you perform at your job until you reach your limit and then you become very unproductive
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How is stress positive?
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Better focused, energized, motivated, aware of options (more creative), challenged rather than intimidated, change agent
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How is stress negative?
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Tense, anxious, angry or depressed, withdrawing or lashing out, frustrated, resist change
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What are the 3 ways you can react to stress?
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Avoid (pretend it doesn't exist), Resist (fight the stress), or confront/adapt (work to identify the real cause and eliminate it, change it or cope with it)
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What are the 3 factors that influence stress?
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(1) Environmental factors (time, support)
(2) Organizational factors (policies, rules) (3) Individual Factors (education, training) |
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What are some implications of stress?
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Perception will influence their levels of stress, strong locus of control, having job experience, strong social support, and type A or B personality
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What are the 3 effects of stress on someone?
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(1) Physiological (headaches, ulcers, high BP, hives)
(2) Psychological (tension, anxiety, irritability, fear) (3) Behavioral (smoking, mannerisms, eating habits, sleep disorders) |
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What are some stress management techniques?
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Establish personal priorities, physical exercise, time management, relaxation, music, pets
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