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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
analogy
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characteristic that is similar between organisms by convergent evolution, not due to the same evolutionary path; also known as homoplasy
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basal taxon
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branch on a phylogenetic tree that has not diverged significantly from the root ancestor
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binomial nomenclature
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system of two-part scientific names for an organism, which includesgenus and species names
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branch point
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node on a phylogenetic tree where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones |
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cladistics
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system used to organize homologous traits to describe phylogenies |
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class
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subdivision of phylum in the taxonomic classification system |
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eukaryote-first hypothesis
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proposal that prokaryotes evolved from eukaryotes |
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family
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subdivision of order in the taxonomic classification system |
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gene transfer agent
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bacteriophage-like particle that transfers random genomic segments from one species of prokaryote to another; also known as GTA |
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genome fusion
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fusion of two prokaryotic genomes, presumably by endosymbiosis |
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genus
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subdivision of family in the taxonomic classification system; the first part of the binomial scientific name; plural = genera |
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horizontal gene transfer
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transfer of genes between unrelated species; also known as HGT, or lateral gene transfer |
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kingdom
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subdivision of domain in the taxonomic classification system |
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maximum parsimony
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applying the simplest, most obvious way with the least number of steps |
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mitochondria-first hypothesis
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proposal that prokaryotes acquired a mitochondrion first, followed by nuclear development |
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molecular systematics
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technique using molecular evidence to identify phylogenetic relationships |
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monophyletic group
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organisms that share a single ancestor; also known as clade |
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nucleus-first hypothesis
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proposal that prokaryotes acquired a nucleus first, and then the mitochondrion |
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order
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subdivision of class in the taxonomic classification system |
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phylogenetic tree
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diagram used to reflect the evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms |
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phylogeny
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evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms |
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phylum
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subdivision of kingdom in the taxonomic classification system; plural = phyla |
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polytomy
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branch on a phylogenetic tree with more than two groups or taxa |
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ring of life
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phylogenetic model where all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes
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rooted
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single ancestral lineage on a phylogenetic tree to which all organisms represented in the diagram relate |
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shared ancestral character
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describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that is shared by all organisms on the tree |
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shared derived character
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describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that is shared only by a certain clade of organisms |
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sister taxa
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two lineages that diverged from the same branch point |
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systematics
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field of organizing and classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships |
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taxon
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single level in the taxonomic classification system; plural = taxa |
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taxonomy
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science of classifying organisms |
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web of life
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phylogenetic model that attempts to incorporate the effects of horizontal gene transfer on evolution |