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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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areas to observe on optic disc
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1) shape- circular
2)color - normal yellow orange 3)borders- crescent? 4)optic cup - NORMALLY 40% of disc 5) blood vessels - measured in disc diameter Quadrants - inferior and superior temporal and Nasal |
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Vessels - arteries be veins
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1) arteries exit on nasal side, 2) are typically brighter red, 3) veins are larger 2:3, AV ratio decreases with hypertension 4) vessel walls visible - hypertension, normal age. 5) silver color = severe compromised blood flow
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AV nicking
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Narrowing of vein on either side of the arteriole. Gunns sign
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AV RATIO
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2:3, follow out 1-2 disc diameters DD
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Salus' sign
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Tortuosity
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Sign of impending venous occlusion. 1:3 ratio.
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Eye exam sequence
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Optic disc, vessels, background, macula
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Retinal hemorrhages
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Vitreous, preretinal, intraretinal, subretinal
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Most common hemorrhages
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Intraretinal layer - 1) flame shaped 2) most common in diabetes and hypertension
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Blot hemorrhages
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Occur in ischemic areas closer to the temporal side common in DM.
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Subhyloid hemorrhage
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Blot appearance, causes blindness if over macula. Causes red haze if infiltrated in vitreous.
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Exudates
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Cotton wool patches
Common in the, diabetes, lupus, and aids. |
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