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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neural crest cells separate from lateral aspect of neural tube during the 3rd week of development and give rise to?
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1. dental pulp, dorsal root ganglion, and facial skeleton
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What occurs in meisos I but not in mitosis?
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Synapsis (pairing of homologous chromosomes)
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Skeletal contribution of the ____ pharyngeal arch gives rise to mandibular.
The development of body of mandible involves ______ |
1. first arch
2. intramembranous bone development |
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Maxillary prominence fo the 1st arch gives rise to..
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secondary palate
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1. Length of attachment apparatus in health is the distance between CEJ and alveolar bone crest. T/F?
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T
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What should bleeding gums cause you consider as a diagnosis?
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Leukemia, gingivitis, scurvy, and periodontitis
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What does the nasolacrimal groove separate?
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The maxillary prominence from the lateral nasal prominence
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1. Where do the muscles of facial expression develop from?
2. CN IX is the nerve of what arch? |
1. 2nd arch
2. 3rd pharyngeal arch |
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When does dental caries incidence decrease with respect to fluoride concentration?
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When fluoride concentration in drinking water is increased up to 1 ppm.
High concentration of fluoride in surface enamel reduces caries incidence both systemic and topical fluoride applications reduce dental caries |
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Where is cementum the thickest?
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Apical portion of root
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How often does overlap of cementum occur?
Butt joint? Gap? |
Overlap of cementum over enamel (occurs ~60% of the time; consists of acellular afibrillar cementum)
Butt joint between cementum & enamel (occurs ~30% of time; based on classic studies) Gap of exposed root dentin between cementum & enamel (occurs ~10% of the time; may lead to root sensitivity) Considerable variability circumferentially around tooth Clinical Relevance: Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) |
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What is a synctiotrophoblast?
Zona pellucida? |
1) breaks down endometrial wall to faciliate blastocyst implanation that beings one week after fertilization.
Zona pellucida - glycoprotein sturcture surrounding paslma of an oocyte that degenerates to allow for rapid growth of blastocyst implantation |
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What process results in formation of 3 germ layers?
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gastrulation
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Why is bone considered to be "coupled"?
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since its a dynamic, mineralized tissue w/ concurrent formation and resorption.
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What is aggressive periodontitis an example of in periodontology?
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Site specificity
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1. What's the primary struct. and functional unit of cellular cementum that's characterized by a central blood vessel?
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1. nooo osteons or "cementeons" its avascular!
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What is an adult remnant of the pharyngeal membranes?
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tympanic membrane
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Name the collagen fiber groups found within the PDL
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alveolar, horizontal, apical, oblique, interradicular
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1. Why does the intermaxillary segment form?
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1. Due to fusion of medial nasal prominences. This includes the philtrum of the upper lip
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What does plaque fluid contain?
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1. Inorganic ions like Ca and P
2. organic acids produced by plaque bacteria 3. its effected by exposure of dental plaque to carbs 4. has low levels of fluoride |
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Name the 2 main types of cementum
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Acellular and cellular cementum
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What is the prognosis of gingival recession primarily based on?
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based on extent of available vascularity at the site of recession
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What are the components the stratum granulosum of keratinized gingival epithelium?
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1. keratohyalin granules
2. membrane coating granules 3. intracellular thickening 4. involucrin 5. filaggrin 6. loricrin |
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How can fluoride be incorporated into the enamel mineral structure?
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substitute for hydroxyl
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Where does PDL derive from?
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The dental sac or follicle
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Primary Acellular Intrinsic Fiber Cementum
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Recently identified
Collagen fibers are synthesized by cementoblasts before the formation of the PDL These form an ~15-20 µm thick "fibrous fringe" to which PDL collagen fibers eventually connect (via lysyl oxidase/Cu2+ crosslinking) No surface cementoid is present Minimal function in tooth attachment |
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Primary Acellular Extrinsic Fiber Cementum
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Constitutes the bulk of the Primary Cementum type
Collagen fibers are synthesized by PDL fibroblasts Extends from CEJ towards the apex of the root, covering ~2/3 of the coronal portion of the root Extends all the way to apical foramina of incisors & canines The average/mean thickness increases apically Relatively structureless (i.e., amorphous) |
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What's the main tissue for attachment function?
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primary acellular extrinsic fiber cementum
Cementoblasts migrate toward the PDL and ultimately reside on the periphery, facing the PDL No surface cementoid is present Main tissue for attachment function Likely represents the progressive mineralization of PDL at the root surface |
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During the 4th week of development the first branchial arch divides to form..
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maxillary process and mandibular process
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Where does Hertwig's epithelial root sheath first form?
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in region of future CEJ
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What are the layers of the enamel organ in the bell stage?
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inner enamel epithelium
stratum intermedium stellate reticulum outer enamel epithelium |
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1. Where in the oral cavity can you find Type 1 collagen?
2. Type 2 collagen? 3. What type of collagen does PDL have? 4. How about gingiva? |
1. Alveolar bone
2. Cementum 3. Type 1 and 3 4. 1,2,3, 5, 8 |
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Alveolar crest is 1-2 mm apical to the?
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CEJ
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1. What is the ruffled border associated with?
2. Where can you find osteoclasts? |
1. w/ osteoclasts
2. within hollowed out depressions called Howship's lacunae |
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1. What percent of alveolar bone is ground substance?
2. Where can you find ground substance in the gingiva? 3. What percentage of cementum is ground substance? 4. What ground substance materials can you find in PDL? |
1. 5% total composition. BMPs, BSPs, noncollagen substance
2. In the lamina propria (ECM of connective tissue) 3. 4-8% similar components to bone 4. GAGs, GP, GL. major substance of PDL to withstand tension |
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Why does the solubility of enamel mineral through incorporation of fluoride reduced?
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since fluoride stabilizesthe crystal structure of ename mineral in part through formation of H bonds
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What's the difference between gingival sulcus and gingival pocket?
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The “free gingiva” or “marginal gingiva” or “papillary gingiva” or rarely the “nonattached gingiva”
Is measured from gingival crest to base of the sulcus Forms a space around the tooth referred to clinically as the gingival sulcus/crevice (in health) or pocket (in disease) Sometimes a clinical feature called "free gingival groove" can be seen that corresponds ~ to the sulcus base or CEJ note: part of keratinized gingiva |
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1. When is a solution supersaturated?
2. Saturated? 3. Undersaturated? 4. How does degree of saturation change with pH? |
1. DS > 1
2. DS =1 3. DS<1 4. DS decreases with increasing pH |
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What are epithelial invaginations that correspond to the future of deciduous teeth called?
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dental lamina
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What is periosteum?
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Periosteum- is a 2-layered connective tissue membrane surrounding the external surface of compact bone
Inner Cellular Layer Bone Cells Bone Cell Precursors Rich Microvasculature Outer Fibrous Layer (includes "Sharpey's Fibers") |
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What is endosteum?
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Endosteum- is a 1-layered structure covering the internal surface of compact bone & all the trabecular bone
Cellular Layer only Bone Cells Bone Cell Precursors Rich Microvasculature |
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With respect to tooth enamel, what is saliva in terms of saturation?
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its supersaturated
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How can the salivary pellicle absorbed onto the tooth surfaces reduce the rate of enamel demineralization?
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reduces the rate of transport of mineral ions out of enamel surface
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What is the bone lining the alveolus to which PDL fibers are attached to called?
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Bone directly lining the alveolus (i.e., directly adjacent to PDL)
Bundle bone; Cribriform plate; Alveolar bone proper; Inner cortical plate; Lamina dura; "Supporting" bone; "Alveolar" bone |
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Describe the molecular structure of type I collagen.
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repeating tripeptide seq of Gly-X-Y.
more Pro than others found in anture alpha chains hydroxylated proline and lysine residues |
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What are the multiple interconnective lateral vascular canals of the osteon called?
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volkmann's canals
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When is the caries process initiated?
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when the plaque fluid becomes undersaturated with respect to enamel mineral
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What cell type in the gingival epitehlium is a dendritic cell component important for immune defense?
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Langheran's cells
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What is secreted by osteoclasts?
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acid phosphatase
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What parts make up the alveolar process?
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Inner and outer cortical plates, alveolar crest, central marrow space
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What skeletal components come from the 1st pharyngeal arch?
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mandible, maxilla, zygomatic bone, and portion of temporal bone
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What type of cementum forms on enamel?
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acellular afibrillar cementum
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Secondary Cellular Intrinsic Fiber Cementum
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Is a minor component of the Secondary Cementum type
Variable presence, found usually only on posterior teeth Located on the apical 1/3 of the root, when present, and also in the interradicular area of multirooted teeth Surface cementoid is present Minimal function in tooth attachment |
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Secondary Cellular Mixed Fiber Cementum
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Formerly called Secondary Cellular Extrinsic Fiber Cementum
Constitutes bulk of the Secondary Cementum type Located on the apical 1/3 of the root Microscopic features include: Cementocyte cell bodies trapped within lacunae Cementocyte cell processes enclosed within canaliculae which are directed toward the PDL space (i.e., nutritional/vascular supply) Lamellar/Laminated structure Surface cementoid is present No osteons No syncytium formed by the cell processes |
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Mixed Stratified Cementum
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Consists of alternating layers of acellular extrinsic & cellular intrinsic cementum
Located at apex of tooth Functions in response to adaptive needs of the tooth |
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Intermediate Cementum
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Incorrectly used sometimes as a synonym for the Hyaline Layer of Hopewell-Smith
Is a form of Secondary Cellular Intrinsic Fiber Cementum Location is restricted to the apex of the tooth Contains entrapped residual cell debris from either the Hertwigs Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS) or the odontoblast (i.e., dentin-forming) cell layer No function in tooth attachment (or tooth adaptation (?) ) |
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Acellular Afibrillar Cementum
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Is a developmental anomaly when found in humans
Located on the enamel (instead of dentin) surface, near CEJ Occurs as isolated spurs or patches extending onto enamel No function in tooth attachment Results from local foci of breakdown of the Reduced Enamel Epithelium (REE), allowing cells of the Dental Follicle to contact the enamel (normally no contact) Demonstrates the significance of different biochemical signals from different calcified matrices (i.e., this type of cementum is afibrillar as well as acellular) |
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Layers of Cementum/"Cementing" Cross-sectional View (tooth root-through the PDL-to the external surface)
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Mantle Dentin
Granular Layer of Tomes (not always present) [Note: do not confuse with Tomes Process of ameloblasts] Hyaline Layer of Hopewell-Smith (~10 µm wide) Formerly called "hyalin dentin" (or "predentin," sometimes) Incorrectly called "intermediate cementum" More appropriately considered as "enameloid" Primary Cementum (i.e., acellular fibrillar) Secondary Cementum (i.e., cellular fibrillar)- when it is present |
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From DCJ, what does internal half of PDL have?
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Contains HERS remnants; called epithelial cell rests of Malassez
Provides nutrients/vascularity for cementocytes & cementoblasts Cementum cells face towards this aspect of PDL |
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From DCJ, what does external half of PDL have?
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Bundle Bone (also called cribriform plate or inner cortical plate)
Cancellous Bone (endosteal spaces contain progenitor cells for the cellular cementum) Outer Cortical Plate Investing Gingiva |
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What is a white spot lesion characterized as?
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highly mineralized layer of enamel overlying a zone of demineralized enamel
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What does the use of high concentration of topical fluoride result in significant cariostatic effect by?
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it forms a layer of CaF on the tooth surface that inhibits bacterial acid production
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What layer of cells forms the enamel organ, but doesn't actually secrete enamel?
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stratum intermedium
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1. What are bone resorbing cells in origin?
2. What are bone forming cells in origin? |
1. hematopoietic
2. mesenchymal |
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Name and describe the 3 types of lamellar bone
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1. Circumferential Lamellae
form the outer perimeter that encloses the bone (are relatively thin and avascular) 2. Concentric Lamellae form the bulk of the lamellar bone; composed of Osteons, which are the basic metabolic unit of bone (are consequently relatively thick and vascular) |
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1) Mantle dentin of crown requires?
2) Mantle dentin of root requires? |
Mantle Dentin of Crown requires Reduced Enamel Epithelium (REE)
Mantle Dentin of Root requires Hertwigs Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS) |
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1. What does lysyl hydroxylase require as a cofactor?
2. What does lysyl oxidase require as a cofactor? |
1. Requires Fe as a cofactor
2. requires copper as a cofactor |
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What's the embryonic precursor of dentin?
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dental papilla
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1) What type of intermediate filament found in the cytoskeleton of epi cells?
2) type of intermediate filament found in the cytoskeleton of fibroblasts? |
1) keratin
2) vimentin |
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1) DGJ of tooth is composed of what?
2) biological width refers to what? |
1) epithelial attachment and the connective tissue attachment, comprise attachment apparatus.
2) refers to avg dimensions of attachment apparatus plus corresponding gingival sulcus. all together should be less than 3 mm. |
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What is cold sensitivity most associated with for an organized nerve ending?
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Krause's bulbs
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What are the tissues of the periodontum
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Consists of alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament, and gingiva, but not enamel.
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What is the mucogingival junction?
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The attachment between the keratinized gingiva and non-keratinized alveolar mucosa
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1. what types of collagen group fibers has the most coronal attachment to the root?
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1. dentogingival collagen fiber - they are the first ones destroyed during periodontal disease that allows the jucnal epithelium to migrate in an apical direction
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What is the usual form of kertainization of gingival epithelium?
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Orthokeratinized
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1. what is considered to be responsible for the attachment function of PDL?
2. What is considered to be responsible for the adaptation function of PDL? |
1. collagen
2. elastin, ground substance, tissue fluid, and microvasculature |
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What tissue has the highest capacity for regeneration?
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PDL
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Where is filaggrin found?
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found within keratohyalin granules in the granular cell layer of epithelium
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1. What is keratinized gingival epitehliu characterized by?
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1. a basement membrane taht has multiple interdigitations of epithelail rete pegs and connective tissue papillae.
can see this as "stippling" of healthy gingiva |
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What attaches to the tooth by hemidesmosome basement membrane?
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junctional epithelium
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1. In what direction does mandible form by intramembranous ossification with respect to Mecke's cartilage?
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1. lateral to
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What cell type found in the gingival epthelium has a function that's similar to the Schwann cell in the gingival connective tissue?
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Merkel's cell
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What is the name of the line that forms when new bone forms against old bone?
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Cement or Reversal Line
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What is the collagen fiber group that is found specifically within the gingiva?
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transseptal group
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What are 3 properties of the cellular form of cementum?
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1. contains entrapped cementocytes
2. considered to be bone like 3. fcns in dynamic adaptation to various tooth related stresses |
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What is the name of the family of proteins found in the ground substance of bone?
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Bone morphogenetic Protein (BMP)
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How are DSEn and calcium related?
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Degree of saturation of a soln with respect to enamel increases with increasing calcium
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When does plaque fluid become understaurated with respect to enamel mineral?
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When its exposed to carbohydrate. otherwise, its usually supersaturated with respect to enamel mineral.
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What is characteristic of osteoblasts?
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alkaline phosphatase
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What term is synonymous with keratin filaments?
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tonofilaments
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In the lamina reticularis of basement membrane, anchoring fibrils are mainly associated with what type of collagen?
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Type I collagen
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What type of cementum is formed mostly before tooth eruption, exhibits few entrapped cementocytes, and is phenotypically unlike bone?
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Acellular cementum
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What is the embryonic precursor of cementoblasts?
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dental sac/dental follicle.
Note: wiki says dental follicle |
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What 2 things occurs during the histodifferentiation stage of tooth development?
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1) tooth germ is at bell stage
2) stratum intermedium layer characterized by actively secretes alkaline phosphatase |
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What must cells respond to in order to be considered competent?
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must respond to the inducer
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What 3 things do the mesenchymal cels that surround the epithelial tooth bud function in?
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1. condense and form the dental papilla
2. interact with epitheliam 3. limited by the dental follicle |
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How is the inner enamel epithelium involved in the differentiation of ameloblasts and enamel formation?
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interacts with stratum intermedium through signaling.
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What is the cap stage of tooth development characterized by?
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1. increased cellular density in mesenchyme
2. presence of enamel knot |
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1) what is the dentin matrix formed by?
2) At what stage does the dentin matrix start to be deposited? |
1. formed by odontoblasts
2. at crown stage |
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During amelogensis, what contributes to the nutritive supply of the ameloblasts?
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The stellate reticulum
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Developmental mechanisms in the dental lamina stage of tooth development include what 2 things?
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1) neural crest migration
2) epithelial-mesenchymal interactions |
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Where do ameloblasts derive from?
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Dental epithelium
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1) Hunter -Shreger bands
2) Lines of Retzius 3) Perikymata |
1) strengthen the enamel and prevent cracks from propagating through the tooth
2) incremental growth lines seen in enamel and are the result of enamel development. 3) pits around the long prisms of tooth enamel. |
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1) Lines of Owen
2) Lines of von Ebner |
1) Accentuated incremental line's in the dentin thought to be due to disturbances in the mineralization process.
2) Incremental line's in the dentin of the tooth that reflect variations in mineralization during dentin formation; the distance between the line's corresponds to the daily rate of dentin formation. |
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What is the difference between rod and interrod enamel?
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There's more enamel matrix in the interrod enamel
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Cooperative effects are vital in immune response. What are 3 immune cell types that are invovled in cooperation?
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Macrophages, T cells, and B cells
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What does the secretory components (polymeric immunoglobulin receptor) play a role in?
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cellular transport of dimeric IgA
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The major types of cells derived from the gingival crevice are?
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Neutrophils
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During acid etching of enamel..what happens?
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crystals perpendicular to the tooth surface are preferentially etched
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What is interrod enamel a result of?
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Cooperative secretory activity of many ameloblasts
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The base of the histological sulcus is at the..
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top of the junctional epithelium
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In absolute gingival health, what is the lenght of the junctional epithelium?
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1 mm
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In gingival health, what is the dimension of the connetive tissue attachment (w/ supracrestal collagen fiber bundles)
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1 mm
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The base of the junctional epithelium is located at the..
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CEJ
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What does reparative dentin not contain?
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peritubular dentin
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What do odontoblasts stop producing when the tooth erupts?
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Stop producing matrix proteins when the tooth erupts
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What disintegrates during root formation?
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Hertwig's Root Sheath
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