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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
urothelium, describe.
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Also called transitional epithelium, because its are halfway between square (cuboidal) and flat (squamous),
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transitional cell papilloma
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Small, early lesions of the urothelium, neoplasms.
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Transitional cell carcinoma, most common organ.
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bladder, 90% of cases.
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Low-grade tumors, transitional cell carcinomas.
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Low-grade tumors are sluggish and slow to invade, and they grow outward into the bladder lumen to resemble a head of cauliflower or broccoli.
are called papillary transitional cell carcinoma are formed of cells that individually look much like normal transitional cells: they are well differentiated and have little cellular atypia tend to recur The ten-year survival for patients with low-grade carcinomas exceeds 95%. Low-grade tumors are always papillary and are formed of cells with minimally atypical features. |
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High-grade tumors, transitional cell carcinomas.
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much less likely to be papillary and are more often flat, ulcerated, or nodular, and have an aggressive microscopic appearance
Like in patients with low grade tumors, the epithelium in patients with high grade tumors also tends to develop new high-grade tumors at other sites. The ten-year survival for high grade tumors is about 50%. High-grade tumors tend to be flat, nodular, or ulcerated |
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What microorganisms are most likely responsible for most cases of cystitis?
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cystitis is usually attributable to infection by gram-negative fecal organisms such as Escherichia coli.
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What are the physiological causes of Erectile Dysfunction?
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atherosclerotic impairment of arterial inflow, disease or injury to nerves controlling penile blood flow, hormone imbalances, or therapeutic drugs.
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Compare and contrast the different types of testicular cancer. Which is the most common? Which has the poorest prognosis?
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Most testicular neoplasms are malignant, and they are the most important cause of painless enlargement of the testis. Two main types:
Tumors of germ (sperm-producing) cells (95%); virtually all are malignant Tumors of other cells (5%); virtually all are benign most common testicular malignancy is seminoma, a tumor of the germ cells. embryonal carcinoma, almost as common as seminoma, composed of primitive embryonic cells. |
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What is the best way to screen for Prostate Cancer in the older male population? Explain how the occurrence increases with age
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Prostate specific antigen (PSA) and Acid Phosphatase level
Nearly all men, if they live long enough, develop an enlarged prostate, or prostate cancer, or both. |
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Function of Estrogen?
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Develops and maintains female reproductive structures
• Causes female secondary sex characteristics to develop • Fat deposits in breasts, buttocks, and thighs • Axillary and pubic hair • Mammary glands • Broadened pelvis |
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Function of Progesterone?
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Prepares endometrium
for implantation Prepares mammary glands for lactation |
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carcinoma of the cervix, cause? Place most likely to develop cancer?
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Repeated Repeated human papillomavirus (HPV) infections human papillomavirus (HPV) infections convert convert normal epithelium into increasingly severe dysplasia until malignant epithelium becomes invasive cancer.
Repeated infection with HPV is the cause of dysplasia and carcinoma of the cervix Almost all dysplasia and cancer of the cervix arise in the transformation zone |
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How is cervical cancer diagnosed and graded?
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Grade 0-4.
0 - Carcinoma in situ 1 - Invasive, confined to cervix or uterine corpus 2 - Invasion beyone cervix but not reaching lateral pelvic wall or lower third of vagina. 3. Invasion to lateral pelvic wall or lower third of vagina. 4--entension beyond the pelvis: Involvement of bladder or rectum or distant metastasis. |
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Dysplasia of the cervix is caused by what?
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HPV
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Endocervical polyps, what are they?
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are not neoplasms
protrusions of endocervical mucosa (Cervix) into the endocervical canal. They are not premalignant. |
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Prostatitis, types, and most common?
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Acute bacterial prostatitis
Chronic bacterial prostatitis Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis is the most is the most common type of prostatitis; its cause is usually not clear, but Chlamydia is often suspected |
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What percentage of elderly men have prostates enlarged by nodular hyperplasia?
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20% of 40-year-old men and 90% of
those seventy or older. However, only about 10% of men develop clinical symptoms. |
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Phases of Syphilis?
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Initial lesion is ulcer.
Untreated syphilis develops through four stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. The hallmark lesion of primary syphilis is the chancre, a hard, moist, painless ulcer, Appears about 2–4 weeks after infection and teems with spirochetes |
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Second phase of Syphilis?
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In untreated syphilis the chancre resolves spontaneously.
75% of patients then develop secondary syphilis, a combination of lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) and skin rash that tends to occur most noticeably on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. The skin lesions swarm with infective organisms, which can be seen with darkfield microscopy. In moist areas of the body, such as the axillae, groin, inner thigh, and anogenital region, broadbased, cauliflower-like epidermal growths, condylomalata (Fig. 20-18), may develop and become quite large |
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Latent syphilis, describe?
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If untreated, secondary syphilis develops into Latent syphilis.
is hidden or subclinical. The disease goes underground except for the presence of blood antisyphilis antibodies. Latent syphilis lasts for many years, during which time T. pallidum is damaging blood vessels and brain-- becomes clinically evident later as tertiary syphilis. (528) |
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tertiary syphilis, describe?
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In about one third of patients, the disease reemerges
5–20 years later as tertiary syphilis Most tertiary syphilis affects the cardiovascular system and usually presents as syphilitic aortitis Inflammation of the aortic wall results in aneurysmal dilation of the proximal aorta or to dilation of the aortic root where it attaches to the heart. |
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Ovarian tumor cells?
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The cell of origin of most ovarian tumors and the three main types of carcinoma of
the ovary: –– Most arise from surface epithelial cells. –– The three main types are serous, mucinous, and endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary. |
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Most common cause of female infertility?
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Polycystic ovary syndrome
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