Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
study of basic responses of cells and tissues to insults and injuries, irrespective of the organs, systems, or species of animal involved
|
general pathology
|
|
pathology of organ systems involves how each organ system reacts to injury associated with specific diseases
|
systemic or special pathology
|
|
What are the 4 general mechanisms of cell injury?
|
1. ATP depletion
2. membrane damage 3. disturbance of cellular metabolism 4. genetic damage and protein misfolding |
|
3 ways cells or tissues respond to injury
|
1. adaptation
2. degeneration or I/C or E/C accumulations 3. death |
|
nuclear condensation
|
pyknosis
|
|
nuclear fragmentation
|
karyorrhexis
|
|
dissolution of the nucleus
|
karyolysis
|
|
laminated structures derived from damaged membranes of organelles and the plasma membrane first appear during the reversible stage and become more pronounced in irreversibly damgaged cells
|
myelin figures
|
|
a pathological process resulting from the reaction of the body to external forces and abnormal conditions that tend to distrub the organism's homeostasis
|
stress
|
|
harm or hurt; usually applied to damage inflicted to the body by an external force or self
|
injury
|
|
oxygen deficiency; one of the most common and important causes of cell injury and death
|
hypoxia
|
|
direct rupture and death of large number of cells, or damage to the blood supply to cells
|
trauma
|
|
impair blood flow, form intracellular ice crystals
|
extreme cold
|
|
denature cell enzymes and proteins, increase the rates of cell metabolic reactions so that substrates, water, and pH changes reach lethal levels
|
extreme heat
|
|
generates heat, alters conduction of nerves and mucsle
|
electricity
|
|
ionization of cellular water with production of 'free radicals', damage genetic material
|
ionizing radiation
|
|
results after failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane; a main feature of reversible cell injury
|
cell swelling or hydropic degeneration
|
|
occurs in hypoxic, toxic, or metabolic injury; manifexted by lipid vacuoles manly in cells involved in fat metabolism
|
fatty change
|
|
increase in cell size and volume resulting from an overload of water caused by a failure of the cell to maintain normal homeostasis and regulate the ingress and excretion of water
|
acute cell swelling or hydropic degeneration
|
|
on gross examination-pallor, organ swelling, decreased SG; capsulated organs bulge when incised
|
acute cell swelling or hydropic degeneration
|
|
on microscopic examination-cells pale, finely vacuolated (cloudy swelling) and enlarged
|
acute cell swelling or hydropic degeneration
|
|
on EM examination-rarefied (spread out) cytoplasm, dilated cisternae of ER, Golgi, and mitochondria, lost/distorted dilia, microvilli, blebbing
|
acute cell swelling or hydropic degeneration
|
|
"wear and tear" pigment because more numerous in older animals; end-product of autophagy
|
lipofuscin
|
|
increase in the size of cells
|
hypertrophy
|
|
an increase in the number of cells
|
hyperplasia
|
|
decrease in the size and metabolic activity of cells
|
atrophy
|
|
a change in the phenotype of cells
|
metaplasia
|
|
occurs only in cells capable of mitotic division
|
hyperplasia
|
|
decreased size of an organ or tissue after it has achieved normal size, caused by loss of cells (necrosis) or decreased cell size
|
atrophy
|
|
adaptive response in which one type of mature differentiated cell is replaced by a different type that is not normal to that tissue or organ
|
metaplasia
|