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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What % of body weight is the liver in carnivores, omnivores, herbivores?
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carnivores- 3-4%
omnivores - 2% herbivores- 1% |
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Enteritis will cause inflammatory cells closer to which vein?
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portal vein
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Hypoxia/ heart failure will have degeneration towards which area of the liver?
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central area
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O2 decreases as you go from ____ to ____.
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portal vein to central vein
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Which zone has the greatest oxygenation?
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Zone 1- centroacinar (periportal) surrounds portal triads
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What is zone 2
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zone 2 is the midlobular area, midzone-intermediate zone.
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What is zone 3?
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periacinar (centrilobular) surrounds the central veins
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how do pathogens get into the liver?
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hematogenous
retrograde through billiary and pancreatic ducts direct extension through the liver caspule. |
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What causes atrophy of the liver?
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increased catabolism, decreased blood flow, decreased bile flow, pressure, in horses: colonic impaction
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When does the liver regenerate?
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stimulated by growth factors, 60% of the liver will regenerate in a week.
Intact framework, good blood supply, patent bile ducts. |
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When does nodular regeneration occur?
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when hepatocytes don't have a reticulin framework, repetitive hepatocellular injury, chronic injury--> fibrosis and impaired blood and bile flow--> Cirrhosis.
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Why does replacement by fibrosis occur?
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increased amount of connective tissue within the liver, Ito cells proliferate,
- may be due to ascarid migration-milk spots |
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Why is it important to weigh the liver instead of eyeballing size?
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Cirrhotic livers may be smaller than normal liver but the nodular regeneration makes it appear bigger. In terms of weight it will be smaller
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What is cirrhotic liver and why does it occur?
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Cirrhosis is characterized by nodular regeneration and post-necrotic scarring. Corresponds to end-stage of many chronic liver diseases. The liver is usually much smaller than normal due to collapse of dead tissue being replaced with fibrous connective tissue.
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Whatis biliary hyperplasia?
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bile duct proliferation
in a normal histology slide should only see about 2-3 bile ducts present |
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What is a common incidental liver lesion found in horses?
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capsular fibrosis aka perihepatitis filamentosa
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What is perihepatitis filamentosa and what species is it normally associated with?
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Perihepatitis filamentosa is an incedental liver lesion common to horses. Fibrous tracks that look like parasites run across the capsule of the liver and are most likely due to peritonitis and parasites
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Colonic impaction causes pressure atrophy of what liver lobe and in what species most commonly?
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right liver lobe of horses
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A spider-web type lesion typically of the visceral side of the liver is commonly due to?
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trauma
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Traumatic injury of the a dog will have what type of liver lesions?
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multiple linear lacerations of the hepatic capsule
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Multifocal necrosis of liver parenchyma is usually associated with what type of insult?
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parasitic, viral, or bacterial- INFECTION
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What type of zonal degeneration is usually due to hypoxia?
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Zone three or Centrilobular
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Piecemeal necrosis is..
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focal area "bite out of liver parenchyma"
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Zonal injury to the parcentral zone is usually due to...
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hypoxia or toxic injury
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Periportal injury is caused by-
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toxins
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Massive liver degeneration and necrosis means...
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involvement of whole lobule not necessarily severity
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Massive hepatic necrosis is caused by which disease common to swine?
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Hepatosis dietica of swine associated with deficiency of vitamin E/Selenium
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Budd Chiari syndrome is associated with what condition?
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hepatic vein thrombosis- characterized by hepatomegaly, ascites, abdominal pain
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portosystemic shunts are
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a bypass of the liver from the portal venous system
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What is the common result of a PSS?
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hepatic encephalopathy and ascites
Liver appears smaller due to hepatotrophic facts (insulin, glucogon, amino acids) not reaching liver |
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How can you differentiate an acquired PSS from a congenital PSS?
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acquired shunts are usually due to chronic portal hypertension, have multiple think walled and torturous blood vessels with EVIDENCE OF LIVER DISEASE. Congenital shunts lead to shrunken liver, hepatocytes.
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Massive hepatic necrosis is caused by which disease common to swine?
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Hepatosis dietica of swine associated with deficiency of vitamin E/Selenium
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What is the common result of a PSS?
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hepatic encephalopathy and ascites
Liver appears smaller due to hepatotrophic facts (insulin, glucogon, amino acids) not reaching liver |
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How can you differentiate an acquired PSS from a congenital PSS?
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acquired shunts are usually due to chronic portal hypertension, have multiple think walled and torturous blood vessels with EVIDENCE OF LIVER DISEASE. Congenital shunts lead to shrunken liver, hepatocytes.
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Budd Chiari syndrome is associated with what condition?
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hepatic vein thrombosis- characterized by hepatomegaly, ascites, abdominal pain
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portosystemic shunts are
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a bypass of the liver from the portal venous system
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What is the common result of a PSS?
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hepatic encephalopathy and ascites
Liver appears smaller due to hepatotrophic facts (insulin, glucogon, amino acids) not reaching liver |
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How can you differentiate an acquired PSS from a congenital PSS?
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acquired shunts are usually due to chronic portal hypertension, have multiple think walled and torturous blood vessels with EVIDENCE OF LIVER DISEASE. Congenital shunts lead to shrunken liver, hepatocytes.
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Telangectasis is
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presence of focal areas where sinusoids are dilated and filled with blood
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In what species is telangectasis most common
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cattle and older cats
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What are the mechanisms behind hepatic lipidosis
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excessive entry of fatty acids into the liver (increased intake, increased mobilization -lactation, starvation, endocrine disorders)
Decreased oxidation of fatty acids (abnormal fxn) |
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How does hepatitc acidosis appear grossly?
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enlarged, heavy, uniform, light yellow/organge liver cuts with ease and greasy with rounded edges and smooth waxy surfacy. Tissue will float in fixative
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Histologically hepatic lipidosis can be viewed usuing which stain?
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Red O, marked hepatocellular vaculoation
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what are physiological conditions associated with hepatic lipidosis
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late pregnancy, heavy lactation, dietary excess, and fasting animals
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What are some disease states that contribute to hepatic lipidosis?
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ketosis, obesity + anorexia, hyperlipemia, endocrine disorders like Diabetes Mellitus or hypothyroidism
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How does ketosis cause hepatic lipidosis?>
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excessive fat metabolism leads to ketosis and the added stimulus for fatty acid oxidation may cause accumulation of fat in the liver
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What is characteristic of Bovine Fatty Liver Syndrome?
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obese dairy cows off-feed few days following parturition leasds to increased mobilization of adipose tissue and increased fatty acids to liver.
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What is characteristic of Feline Fatty Liver Syndrome?
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obese cat with anorexia leads to icteru, hepatic failure, subsuquent hepatic encephalopathy
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Glycogen accumulation in the liver is caused by these disorders
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diabetes mellitus
hyperadrenocortisim (steroid induced heaptocpathy) gylcoegen storage disease |
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How to diagnosis steroid induced hepatopathy?
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glucocorticoids cause extensive swelling of hepatocytes and increased glycogen synthetase.
Enlarged pale- esp midzonal area Stain with PAS to differentiate from lipidosis |
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Amyloidosis in the liver is a consequence of
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anigenic stimulation-chornic infection or repeated inocuation of an antigen
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Where does amyloidosis accumulate within the liver?
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Space of Disse
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What lesions are you likely to see with amyloidosis?
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atrophy of hepatic cords
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What stain is used to stain for amyloidosis?
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Congo red
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Copper acculuation is a caused by
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dietary excess (ruminants), grazing on pasture with low molybdenum, heaptic disease, chronic liver disease, hereditary disorders
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What stain is used for copper?
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Rhodanine
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Cholangioehpatitis
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process started from the ascending infection in GI into billiary system and by ext into the liver causing inflammation.
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how can you diagnose hepatitis induced by bacterial infection from viral infection?
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both produce off-white foci of necrosis throughout the liver but bacterial lesions are often smaller an more necrotizing than viral lesions
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Herpes viral hepatitis is characterized by
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necrotic hepatocytes containing intranuclear inclusion bodies surrounded by inflammatory cells
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Infectious canine hepatitis is often what type of hepatitis?
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peracute
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Infectious canine hepatitis causes what clinical signs
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peracute onset with vomiting, diarrhea, petechia in mucosal surfaces, hemmorhagic diathesis.
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How does the liver appear grossly in an infection with infectious canine hepatitis
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enlarged congested friable liver with serosal petechia and ecchymosis and paint-brush hemorrhages.
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How can you differentiate herpes viral hepatitis from canine infectious hepatitis? (histologically)
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Herpes induced hepatitis will have an inflammatory response as well as intranuclear inclusion bodies.
ICH- periacinar necrosis, intranuclear basophilic inclusion, endothelial damage, but little inflammation |
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how do livers infected with Theiler's disease present?
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floppy dishrag appearance
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Theiler's disease is another name for
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equine serum hepatitis.
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Theiler's disease is characterized by:
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acute lesions that appear older, hepatic encehpalopathy, jaundice due to severe hepatic fatty degeneration and necrosis, cholestasis, mononuclear infilitration and slight fibrosis and regeneration.
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what bacterial diseases are likely to occur with migration of liver flukes through liver parenchyma?
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Clostridium haemolyticum and Clostrium novyi (black disease)
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Tyzzer's disease is caused by which pathogen
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clostridium pilliforme
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Tyzzer's diease causes what type of liver injury?
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multifocal necrotic hepatitis and colitis in foals, calves, kittens and puppies
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How is leptospirosis affecting the liver?
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causes jaundice, lesions are often due to ischemic injury following hemolytic anemia. Cholestsis has also been implicated
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Abscesses in cattle are commonly caused by
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chemical rumenitis or traumatic reticulitis
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Granulomatous hepatitis is caused by
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fungal infections (blastomycosis, histoplasmosis) tuberculosis
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Fasciola hepatica- where are larva, where are mature
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larva in liver parenchyma
mature flukes in bile ducts |
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Fascioloides magna- where are larva, where are mature?
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adults in cysts in liver parenchyma
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how is blue-green algae hepatoxic
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microcystin- main toxin
c |
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What lesions are caused by blue-green algae?
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acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, acute centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis, chronic liver disease in surviviors.
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity is found in what species
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cattle, pigs, horses, goats, sheep
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what type of lesions are associate with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity?
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acute periacinar necrosis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, chronic with fibrosis. Portal fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia, megalocytosis
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Alsike clover toxicity can be differentiated from pyrrolizidine toxicty by...
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aslike clover causes chornic liver disease, bile duct hyperplasia, portal hepatitits but NO MEGALOCYTOSIS
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How can eating moldy corn cause hepatotoxicity?
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alfatoxins- B1- carcinogen
acute intoxication- peracinar to massive hepatic lipidosis and necrosis, hemorrhagic diathesis, periportal necrosis in ducklins |
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What toxin is commonly found in rye grass?
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sporidesmin
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What lesions are attributed to sporidesmin?
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toxic to bile duct epithelium. acute to chronic cholangiohepatitis. Photosenization in sheep.
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What are the clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy?
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depression, behavioral changes, mania, convulsions
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what are the causes of hepatic encephalopathy?
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acute liver disease (horses and ruminatns)
PSS (dogs/ cats) chronic liver dz |
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What is the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy?
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blood accumulation of neurotoxic substances bypassing the liver and reaching the brain
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What causes gallbladder distention
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fasting (accumulation b/c no food)
Lantana camara toxicosis |
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What are causes of biliary obstruction?
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cholangitis, parasites or fibrosis, choleithiasis
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What are sequele to biliary obstruction
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post hepatic jaundice
hepatic atrophy biliary fibrosis |
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What causes gallbladder edema?
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right heart failure, Infectious canine hepatitis
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inflammation of the gall bladder is called?
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cholecystitis
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Fibrinous Cholecystitis is often seen in calves with
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acute salmonellosis and yersiniosis
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Hemorrhagic cholecystitis is caused by:
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salmonellosis in cattle
arsenic toxicosis |
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Gallbladder mucosal hyperplasia is
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cystic proliferation of the mucus producing glands affects the walls of gallbladder and bile ducts. Seen in old dogs
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