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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Of the 60% of the body weight made up of water, about two thirds is:
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Intracellular water
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What is the probable cause of cellular swelling in the early stages of cell injury?
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Na-K pump fails to remove intracellular Na+
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Which are characteristics of Down Syndrome?
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- It is an autosomal aneuploidy
- Mental retardation is consistently expressed - Clinical diagnosis can be suggested by facial appearance --- NOT - It is a genetic error of metabolism |
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Identify the characteristics of X-linked recessive inherited disorders.
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Sons of affected female carries have a 50% risk of being affected.
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When environmental influences cause varied phenotypic expressions of genotypes, the result is:
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A multifactorial trait
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Which particle can penetrate cell membranes most easily?
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Lipid soluble, small.
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Which can transport substances uphill against the concentration gradient?
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Active transport
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Identify the correct sequences of events for initiation and conduction of a nerve impulse.
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1. Sodium permeability changes
2. Sodium moves inside 3. Potassium permeability changes 4. Potassium leaves cell 5. Resting potential is reestablished. |
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There is one-way conduction at a synapse because:
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Only the presynaptic neuron contains neurotransmitters
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Which contains the precentral motor cortex and postcentral sensory cortex?
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Cerebrum
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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:
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- Mobilizes energy in times of need
- Is innervated by cell bodies from T1 through L2 |
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In cerebral vasogenic edema:
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Plasma proteins leak into extracellular spaces
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Which statement is true regarding increasing intracranial pressures?
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The brain volume increase
--- NOTE: excess of CO2 causes vasodilation |
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An individual extension in upper extremities and extension in lower extremities. This is:
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Decerebrate posturing (damage to upper brainstem)
--- Decorticate posturing is the upper extremities flexed and lower extremities extended. Damage to corticospinal tract |
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Precipitating causes of seizures include all of the following:
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- Meningitis
- Stroke - Hypoglycemia - Hyperthermia |
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An individual with increased intracranial pressure from a head injury shows dilated and fixed pupils, falling pulse pressure, and irregular breathing. Which stage of ICP exists?
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Stage 4 - irregular breathing, dilation of pupils
--- Stage 3 - hyperventilation, dilation of one pupil Stage 1 and 2 - blood pressure compensation |
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Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) are:
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Focal neurologica deficits that develop suddenly, last for several minutes, and clear in 24 hours.
--- Warning sign for stroke (CVA) |
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Osteoporosis pathogenesis involves:
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Alteration in the OPG/RANKL/RANK system.
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The ion necessary for coupling of contractile proteins is:
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Calcium
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Identify the bone cells which cooperate to maintain normal bone homeostasis and are coupled during bone remodeling.
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- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts |
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In a complete fracture:
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The fracture crosses or involves the entire width or thickness of the bone.
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Which is a definite sign of a fracture?
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Unnatural alignment
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Identify the sequence of bone healing in fractures and surgical injuries.
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1. Hematoma formation
2. Procallus formation 3. Callus formation 4. Callus replacement with lamellar or trabecular 5. Periosteum and endosteum remodeling |
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A function of the epiphyseal plates that is a function of the articular cartilage is to:
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- Enable articulation of bones
- Repair damage bone tissue - Provide sensory nerves to bone --- NOT - Enable bone to increase in length |
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Postmenopausal osteoporosis can occur due to.
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- Low estrogen levels
- Insufficient dietary calcium - Insufficient dietary magnesium |
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The causes of osteoarthritis include all of the following:
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- Enzymatic breakdown of articular cartilage
- Proteoglycan breakdown - Reduction in collagen --- NOT - Rheumatoid factor |
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A chronic musculoskeletal syndrome characterized by sensitive to touch, by absence of localized inflammation, sleep disturbance and fatigue is
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Fibromyalgia
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The most common cause of osteomyelitis is
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Direct contamination by an open fracture
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Which protein is found in the thick myofilament of skeletal and cardiac muscle
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Myosin
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Select the hormone which controls blood volume, but does NOT directly produce vasoconstriction of the arterioles.
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Aldosterone
--- Direct Vasoconstrictors - Antidiuretic hormones, Angiotensin II, Adrenalin |
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Hemostasis involves all of the following:
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- Vasoconstriction
- Platelet plug formation - Intrinsic pathway activités - Clot formation --- NOT - Prostacyclin I |
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Which is the correct sequence in coagulation?
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Tissue Thromboplastin, VII, prothrombin
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Identify the correct sequence in the differentiation of erythrocytes.
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1. Proerythroblast
2. Normoblast 3. Reticulocyte |
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The purpose of erythropoietin is to:
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Control erythrocyte production
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Which are the most effective phagocytes?
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Neutrophils and macrophages
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A thrombocytopenia with a platelet count below 10,000/mm likely will cause:
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Spontaneous bleeding
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DIC is associated with:
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- Endothelial damage
- Release of tissue thromboplastin |
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Leukocytosis is found in all of the following
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- Inflammatory responses
- Allergic responses - Bacterial infections --- NOT - Bone marrow depression |
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What is the most notable characteristic of infectious mononucleosis?
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The presence of heterophil antibody is diagnostically helpful.
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CML is characterized by its:
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Presence of the Philadelphia chromosome
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APCs are
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Memory cells or Macrophages
--- APC = antigen presenting cells |
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Antibodies are produced by:
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Plasma cells
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Which of the following conditions could occur in an immobilized patient on antidepressants who is taken from a reclined to a standing position?
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Orthostatic hypotension
--- Decrease in blood pressure |
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Which is correct regarding AIDS?
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- Antibody usually appears within 4 to 7 weeks after infection
- The patient will be anti-HIV - The patient will likely develop opportunistic infections and cancer. --- NOT - The patient will have increased numbers of CD4 cells or helper T cells. |
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Rejection of kidney transplant occurred after 2 weeks. The reaction was because of
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- Immune response against donor HLA antigen
- A type IV hypersensitivity |
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Chronic inflammation is characterized by
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Lymphocytic and macrophagic infiltration
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Which is synthesized by mast cells?
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Leukotrienes or histamines
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Interleukins:
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- Provide messages between leukocytes
- Are produced in response to tissue injury - Stimulate cells to produce antiviral substances - Increase antibody production and populations of T cells |
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Diapedesis is a process in which:
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Neutrophils migrate from the bloodstream to an injured tissue site
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Events the development of atherosclerotic plaque include all of the following
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- Accumulation of LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
- Smooth muscle proliferation - Calcification - Decreased elasticity --- NOT - Complement activation |
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Primary hypertension
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Is essentially idiopathic
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A 76-year-old man came to the emergency room after experiencing chest pain while shoveling snow. Laboratory tests revealed essentially normal blood levels of SGOT, CPK, and LDH enzymes. The chest pain was relieved following rest and nitroglycerin therapy. The most probable diagnosis is:
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Angina Pectoris
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Which statement is correct concerning hypertension:
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- Malignant hypertension is characterized by a diastolic pressure higher than 140mm Hg.
- More than 90% of cases are the essential or primary type - When it is left untreated, the major risks include CVAs and cardiac hypertrophy --- NOT - Headache is the most reliable symptoms |
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The QRS complex of the ECG represents
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Ventricular depolarization
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During atrial systole, the:
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Atrioventricular valves are open
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If the sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the heart predominates over parasympathetic nervous system stimulation, the heart will:
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Increase its rate
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Glucocorticoids would be highest during the stage of :
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Resistance
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Identify two hormones that increase metabolic rate and heat production.
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Thyroxine, Epinephrine
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Corticotrophin release factor (CRF) is released by the:
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Hypothalamus
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Endorphins
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Decrease pain sensation
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Many NSAIDS are antipyretic because they reduce fever by
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Block PGE2 synthesis
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These events occur associated with REM sleep except:
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80% of adult sleeping time occurs this stage
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Which is a modulator of pain?
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- Lymphokines
- Substance P - Endorphins --- NOT - Heparin |
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Which of the following category of acute pain is poorly localized and often referred?
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Visceral pain
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What is the proposed role of the brain metabolite, adenosine, to sleep?
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Promotes sleep and suppress arousal
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A skateboard injury to a teenager results in a compound fracture of the thigh and excessive bleeding into the peritoneal cavity. This stressor elicits the secretion of CRH and the synthesis and release all of the following:
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- Cortisol
- Antidiuretic hormone - Epinephrine --- NOT - Luteinizing hormone |
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Severe stress results in all of the following
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- Increased heart rate
- Increase in norepinephrine - Alteration in respiratory minute volume --- NOT - Overactive immune system |
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The role of oxytocin in stress during parturition is:
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Antistress properties
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Autonomic and hormonal control are involved in gastrointestinal motility and:
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Digestive enzyme secretion
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A 15 year old female begins to take a new weight - loss during. The drug inhibits the smooth muscle action of the stomach and likely acts by increasing:
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Sympathetic stimulation
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Mucus production to form a mucosal barrier in the stomach is stimulated by the release of:
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Prostaglandins
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During the cephalic and gastric phase of digestion, gallbladder contraction is mediated branches of the:
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Vagus nerve
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The duct cells of the pancreas produces ___ which buffers HCl acid released into the duodenum.
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Bicarbonate
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All of the following are symptoms of Gluten-sensitive enteropathy and infants:
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- Diarrhea
- Excessive fat in stools - Malabsorption of nutrients --- NOT - Lack of pancreatic enzymes |
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Osmotic diarrhea is caused by
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Lactase deficiency
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Infections of Helicobacter pylori are major etiologic factors associated with all of the following ulcers
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- Gastric
- Duodenal - Peptic --- NOT - Stress |
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Hepatic encephalopathy is manifested by:
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Cerebral dysfunction
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Which type of viral hepatitis is associated with a chronic state or a carrier state?
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- Hepatitis C
- Hepatits B --- NOT - Hepatitis A |
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Which does cause constipation?
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- Opiates
- Sedentary lifestyle - Emotional depression --- NOT - Hyperthyroidism |
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Polycystic ovary syndrome is:
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- The most common cause of infertility in the US
- Associated with hyperinsulinemia - Sometimes a precursor of endometrial cancer |
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Painful menstruation association with excessive release of PGE2 just before menses is called
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- Primary dysmenorrhea
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All are associated with benign prostate hyperplasia:
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- Difficult voiding
- Urine retention in bladder - Elevated prostate specific antigen --- NOT - Polyuria |
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The most common cause of gingival ulceration in the U.S is
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Genital Herpes
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Select the organ essential for synthesis of 250H VitD to "active Vit D3"
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Thyroid
--- NOT - Liver, Skin or Parathyroid |
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An elevation in plasma Ca++ stimulates the secretion of ___ from the thyroid C cells
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Calcitonin
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The pathogenesis of osteoporosis involves
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Alteration in the OPG/RANK/RANKL system
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Inadequate levels of thyroxine at birth may cause
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Mental retardation
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Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortical hormones produce all of the symptoms in an adult.
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- Protein catabolism
- Susceptible to infections - Excessive deposition of fat in face and shoulders --- NOT - Hypotension |
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Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder due to
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Excessive secretion of growth hormone in an adult
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An older patient falls and is unable to get up, 18 hours later, the patient is found and hospitalized, which of the following hormonal changes did occur in this patient before medical care
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- Increase plasma ADH
- Increase in plasma glucagon - Decrease in plasma insulin --- NOT - Decrease in aldosterone secretion |
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Common complications of diabetes mellitus include all of the following:
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- Nephropathy
- Retinopathy - Susceptible to infections --- NOT - Pancreatitis |
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Which electrolyte alteration occurs in Addison's disease (hypoadrenalism)
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Hyponatremia
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Which ordinarily brings about the greatest increase in the rate of respiration
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Increase in arterial CO2
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Which statement is correct regarding normal adult hemoglobin and O2 transport?
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HbA is 75% saturated when resting tissue ppO2 is 40mmHg
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In bronchial asthma
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- Bronchia muscles contract
- Mucous secretions increase |
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In ARDS, increased alveolocapillary permeability is caused by:
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- Platelet activating factor
- Tumor necrosis factor - O2-free radicals |
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Pulmonary emboli usually:
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Obstruct blood supply to the lung parenchyma
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Cor pulmonale
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- Occurs in response to long standing pulmonary hypertension
- Results in right heart failure - Produces cyanosis |
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Which renal condition usually has a history of recent infection with Beta-hemolytic streptococci?
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Glomerulonephritis
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An individual has an elevated BUN and creatinine because of calculi blockage of one ureter. This is referred to as:
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Postrenal disease
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Nephrotoxins such as antibiotics, may be responsible for:
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Acute tubular necrosis
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Nephrotic syndrome is associated with ___ to plasma ___.
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Increased glomerular permeability, protein
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All of the following occur in the plasma of a patient in acute renal failure:
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- Hyperkalemia
- Elevated BUN - Acidosis --- NOT - Increase HCO3- |
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Filtered K+ is reabsorbed by the___ and secreted by the ___
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Proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules.
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ADH causes water to
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Diffuse into the ascending limb of the vasa recta
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All of the following hormones are vasoconstrictors
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- Angiotensin II
- Epinephrine - Antidiuretic hormone --- NOT- Aldosterone |
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Glycogenesis
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Insulin only
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Glycolysis
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Epinephrine & glucagon
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Chondrogenesis
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Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor
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Lipolysis
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Cortisol & glucagon
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Lipogenesis
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Growth hormone & insulin
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Ascites
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Abdominal distension
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Intrahepatic Jaundice
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Icteric phase of Viral Hepatitis B
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Obstructive Jaundice
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Icteric phase due to gallstones
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Portal Hypertension
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Esophageal and stomach varices (vomiting blood)
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Hepatomegaly
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Liver enlarged and tender
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___ Produces pain in response to acute inflammation
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Bradykinin
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___ A phospholipid derivative that aggregates platelets
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Thromboxane A2
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___ A large hemostatic protein factor (exposed by injury to endothelium) that interacts with platelets to produce adherence to collagen and to fibrinogen
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vW Factor
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___ This hemostatic cofactor is released from injured endothelium to initiate extrinsic pathway
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Tissue Thromboplastin
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___ Vasodilation and increased in permeability of capillaries due to inflammation
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Histamine
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___ This enzyme acts on blood clot to produce fibrinolysis
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Plasmin
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