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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The degradative oxidation of glucose occurs in two stages: ____ and ______
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glycolysis & cellular respiration
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Glycolysis leads to the oxidative breakdown of glucose into two mlcs of _________
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pyruvate
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During glycolysis, NAD+ is reduced to _______
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NADH
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Glycolysis occurs in the __________
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cytoplasm
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After step 4 of glycolysis when two three-carbon mlcs of PGAL are formed, all the subsequent steps occur _____
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twice
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__ molecules of pyruvate are are obtained from ___ mlcs of glucose. During this sequence of rxns, ___ ATP are used and ___ are generated. Thus, there is a net production of ___ ATP per glucose molecule.
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2 pyruvate from 1 glucose; 2 ATP used, 4 ATP generated= 2 ATP (net)
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The type of phosphorylation used in glycolysis to produce ATP is _______.
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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During glycolysis, ____ NADH is produced per PGAL, for a total of ___ NADH per glucose.
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1 NADH per PGAL; total= 2 NADH (2 PGALs per glucose)
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What is the net products for glycolysis?
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2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H20 (also, 2 PGAL and 2 pyruvate are produced per mlc of glycolysis)
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____ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue in the absence of O2
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NAD+
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Fermentation produces only ___ ATP per glucose molecule.
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2
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Whereas glycolysis yields only 2 ATP per glucose mlc, cellular respiration yields ______ ATP per glucose.
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36-38
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Cellular respiration can be divided into 3 stages:
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pyruvate decarboxylation (loses CO2; forms acetyl CoA), the citric acid cycle/ Krebs cycle, and the ETC
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Cellular respiration occurs in the ______________.
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mitochondria
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What happens during pyruvate decarboxylation?
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pyruvate loses CO2; acetyl CoA is produced, NAD+ is reduced to NADH
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How many turns of the citric acid cycle?
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2
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For each turn of the citric acid cycle, ___ ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation via a GTP intermediate.
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1; so total of 2 ATP from citric acid cyele
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Remember that for each mlc of glucose, ___ pyruvates are decarboxylated and channeled into the citric acid cycle
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2; 1 for each turn
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What is the total output of the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule (1 glucose= 2 pyruvate= 2 turns of cycle)
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4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
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The ETC takes place:
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on the inner mitochondrial membrane
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Total number of ATP produced per glucose during substrate-level phosphorylation:
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2 ATP produced from glycolysis and 1 ATP for each turn of the citric acid cycle. Thus, *4 ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation*
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Total number of ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation:
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2 pyruvate decarboxylations yield 1 NADH each for a total of 2 NADH. Each turn of the citric acid cycle yields 3 NADH and 1 FADH2, for a total of 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 per glucose (2 turns). Each FADH2 generates 2 ATP and each NADH generates 3 ATP except for the two NADH that were reduced during glycolysis (they only produce 2 ATP per NADH). So the 2 NADH from glycolysis yield 4 ATP; the other 8 NADH (2 NADH from pyruvate decarboxylation; 6 from citric acid cycle) yield 24 ATP; and the two FADH2 (from citric acid cycle) produce 4 ATP. Thus, a total of *32 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation*
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Along the ETS, the respiratory enzymes continually pump H+ from the _____ to the ____________, creating a large concentration gradient
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matrix to the intermembrane space
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Energy sources (in preferential order):
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carbs -> fats -> proteins (fat yields the greatest number of ATP per gram)
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Is inhalation an active or passive process? What happens during inhalation?
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active; diaphragm contracts and flattens, external intercostal muscles contract, pushing rib cage and chest wall up and out, causing the thoracic cavity to increase in volume. This increase in volume reduces the pressure, causing air from outside to rush in and fill the lungs
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Is exhalation an active or passive process? What happens during exhalation?
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passive; the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, pushing the chest wall inward. the decrease in thoracic cavity volume increases the pressure causing the lungs to deflate and force air out.
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