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67 Cards in this Set
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Carbohydrates or sugar |
These are either polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones. |
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Penultimate carbon |
This carbon determines the optical rotation of the sugar; the last chiral carbon. |
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Aldose |
These carbohydrates are also known polyhydroxyaldehydes. |
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Polyhydroxyketones |
Ketoses are also known as: |
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Monosaccharides |
These are the simplest sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler form; contain one sugar unit |
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Disaccharides |
These sugars are formed by dehydration reaction; when hydrolyzed, they yields two sugar units |
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Oligosaccharides |
These carbohydrates are formed by dehydration reaction; contain three to ten sugar units |
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Polysaccharides |
These carbohydrates contains more than 10 sugar unit; usually bland in taste |
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Homoglycan |
This is a type of polysaccharide which, upon hydrolysis, yields only one type of monosaccharides. |
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Heteroglycan |
Upon the hydrolysis of this type of polysaccharide, it yields several type of monosaccharides. |
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Hydroxyacetaldehyde |
Simplest monosaccharide containing two carbon atoms; the only diose |
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Triose |
Glyceraldehyde and dihydroacetone are monosaccharides. Based on the number of carbon atoms, what would be the general term for these two monosaccharides? |
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Four carbons |
Erythrose (trihydroxybutanal) is a monosaccharide containing how many carbon? |
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Xylose |
This is a pentose sugar that is also known as wood sugar; it is used as a diagnostic agent for malabsorption. |
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Arabinose |
This is a pentose sugar; it is a component of Acacia gum or gum Arabic. |
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Ribose |
This is a pentose sugar; it is the sugar portion of RNA |
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Deoxyribose |
This is the pentose sugar portion of DNA |
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Xylose Ribose Ribulose Arabinose |
Give three monosaccharides containing 5 carbon atoms; a pentose |
"X-RAy" |
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Heptose |
Sedoheptose is what type of monosaccharides (depending on no. of carbon atoms)? |
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Octose |
D-glycero-D-mannoctulose is what type of monosaccharides (depending on no. of carbon atoms)? |
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Hexoses |
These are the most important monosaccharides. |
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Glucose |
An aldohexose used as nutrient and sweetening agent; also known as physiologic sugar, blood sugar, dextrose, and grape sugar. |
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Glucitol or sorbitol |
Glucose, when reduced, will yield a sugar alcohol known as: |
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Mannitol |
Mannose, when reduced, will yield a sugar alcohol known as: |
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Glucose |
Glycose is commonly known as: |
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Fructose |
A ketohexose found in mel or honey. |
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Fructose |
It is also known as levulose. |
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Fructose |
It is also known as fruit sugar. |
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Fructose |
It is used as nutrient and sweetening agent; used as food for diabetics because it does not increase the blood glucose level. |
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Galactose |
It is an aldohexose rapidly absorbed from the small intestine. |
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Mucic test |
This is the identification test for galactose. |
"NakakaGALAC ang MUCIC!" |
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Osazone test |
This is the identification test for mannose. |
"MAN destroys OZONE." |
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Mannose |
This aldohexose readily forms osazone crystals compared to other monosaccharides. |
"MAN destroys OZONE." |
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Sucrose |
It is also known as table sugar. |
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Sucrose |
Hydrolysis of this substance will yield a glucose unit and a fructose unit. |
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Saccharum officinarum |
Sucrose can be obtained from sugar cane. What is the scientific name of sugar cane? |
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Beta vulgaris |
Sucrose can be obtained from sugar beets. What is the scientific name of sugar beets? |
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Sugar maple |
Sucrose can be obtained from Acer saccharum. What is its common name? |
"ACER vs -APLE" |
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Sucrose |
It is a disaccharide used as demulcent (coats mucous membrane), sweetening agent, and in the manufacture of syrups. |
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Maltose |
It is also known as malt sugar. |
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Two glucose units |
When maltose is hydrolyze, it will yield two monosaccharides. What are those monosaccharides? |
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Lactose |
This is also known as milk sugar. |
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Whey |
Lactose is isolated from cow milk. What part of the cow milk? |
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Lactase |
Lactose intolerance is a condition where the body cannot secrete a certain enzyme resulting to gastrointestinal distress. What is the deficient enzyme? |
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Lactulose |
This disaccharide is produced by the alkaline rearrangement of lactose. |
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Lactose |
This disaccharide will yield a glucose unit and a galactose unit. |
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Fructose and galactose unit |
Lactulose upon hydrolysis will yield two sugar units. What are these units? |
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Lactulose |
This disaccharide is used as cathartic because of the irritation of the intestinal wall by the build up of acid metabolites. |
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Lactic acid Acetic acid |
Lactulose upon microbial metabolism in the gut flora will produce acidic metabolites such as: |
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Lactulose |
This disaccharide is also used to prevent and treat portal systemic encephalopathy. |
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Three glucose units |
Maltotriose is a oligosaccharide that when hydrolyze yields: |
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Sorbitol or glucitol |
This sugar alcohol is the product of the reduction of glucose; half as sweet as glucose; used as humectant. |
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All monosaccharides |
Which monosaccharides will give a brick-red precipitate on Fehling's and Benedict's test? |
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Sucrose |
All disaccharides are reducing sugars which gives a positive result for Benedict's and Fehling's Test. The only exception is: |
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Wine |
It is produced by the fermentation of grape juice. |
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Brandy |
This is an alcoholic drink distilled from wine. |
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Whiskey |
This alcoholic drink is distilled from fermented malted grain. |
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Rhum |
This alcoholic drink is distilled from fermented molasses. |
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Fehling's Reagent Benedict's Reagent |
Two reagents used to detect the presence of reducing agents (like reducing sugars) producing a brick red precipitate as positive result. |
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Reduction of cupric sulfate to cuprous oxide |
What is the principle of Fehling's test and Benedict's test? What are the substances involved in the reaction? |
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Tollen's test |
This test is used to differentiate aldose from ketose because it only reacts with aldehyde; (+) silver mirror |
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Barfoed's Test |
This test is used to differentiate monosaccharides from disaccharides. |
"FOE" - mono vs di |
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Plant acids |
An oxidation reaction of glucose will yield: |
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Denige's Test |
This test is used to differentiate citric acid from tartaric acid. |
"DENIGE corneho is with CITRIC lee." |
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Tartaric acid |
It is a plant acid that is a byproduct of the wine industry. |
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Fumaric acid |
This plant acid is added to ferrous ions producing the most tolerable iron supplement; brand name: Toleron® |
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Vitis vinifera |
Grape juice, where wine is made from, is obtained from: (scientific name) |
Grape "vine" |