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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What makes up the CNS? |
Brain Spinal cord |
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What makes up the PNS? |
Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Ganglia |
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What are the subcategories of the nervous system? |
Sensory nervous system: Somatic sensory Visceral sensory Motor nervous system: Somatic motor Automatic motor |
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Sensory nervous system |
Contains receptors Transmits information from receptors to the CNS (afferent) |
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Motor nervous system |
Transmits information from CNS to effectors (muscles or glands) (efferent) |
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Somatic sensory |
Receives sensory information from skin, joint, skeletal muscles, and special senses |
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Visceral sensory |
Receives sensory information from viscera |
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Somatic motor |
"Voluntary" nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle |
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Automatic motor |
"Involuntary" nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
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What do electrical synapses require? |
Gap junctions |
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What do chemical synapses utilize? |
Neurotransmitters |
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Most abundant glial cells in the CNS |
Astrocytes |
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Surround somas in ganglia |
Satellite cells |
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Form myelin in the CNS |
Oligodendocytes |
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Form myelin in PNS |
Neurolemmocytes |
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Line internal cavities of the brain |
Ependymal cells |
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Respond to infection in the CNS |
Microglial cells |
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
Also called ALS or Lou Gehrig Disease Degeneration of the somatic motor system (lose control of somatic nervous tissue) Atrophied muscles cause breathing, speaking, and swallowing difficulties NO effective treatment or cure exists |
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Neurons |
Highly energetic and demand a lot of blood They transmit nerve impulses |
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Glial cells |
Slaves to the neurons Non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons |
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Primary tumor of the CNS |
Tumors form in the meninges or glial cells Involves glial cells b/c they can divide and cause cancer Neurons cannot become tumors because they cannot divide (cannot be cancerous) |
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Secondary tumor of the CNS |
Tumor forms in another site (lung, skin or breast cancers) but spreads to the brain when glial cells divide |
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Neuron characteristics |
High metabolic rate (need constant glucose and oxygen) Longevity Non-mitotic (don't divide) |
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Random facts about neurons |
When you're born, have have more neurons than you ever will in your life Lose them in a process called "pruning" -- brain decides what's important and not (ends at age 30) Autistic kids don't prune so they have too many neurons |
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Unipolar neuron |
Little dendrites coming off of a big axon Cell body only connects to axon (Sensory neurons) |
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Bipolar neuron |
Dendrites comes off of one side of the cell body and the axon comes off of the other (Special senses, uncommon) (ALWAYS sensory neurons) |
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Multipolar neurons |
Axon and multiple dendrites come off of the cell body (Most common type, motor neurons, interneurons) |
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Which type of neurons are sensory? |
Unipolar and bipolar |
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Which type of neurons are motor? |
Multipolar |
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Is afferent tranmission sensory or motor? Is the cell body inside or outside the spinal cord? |
sensory, outside |
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Is efferent tranmission sensory or motor? Is the cell body inside or outside the spinal cord? |
Motor, inside |
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Cell bodies are in... |
PNS ganglia and CNS grey matter |
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Axons are in... |
PNS nerves and CNS white matter |
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Where is the commissure in the brain? |
Following the corpus callosum on a sagittal cut |
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Where is the tract in the brain? |
Going down from top left and right and heading towards pons |
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Astrocyte |
Controls ionic environment Induces formation of the blood brain barrier |
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Oligodendrocyte |
Forms myelin sheaths of the CNS |
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Microglial cell |
Macrophages of the CNS |
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Ependymal cell |
Lines brain internal cavities (ventricles) |
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What are the glial cells of the CNS? |
Astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglial cell, and ependymal cell |
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What are the glial cells of the PNS? |
Satellite cell and Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte) |
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Satellite cell |
Protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia |
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Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte) |
Myelinates PNS axons (each forms one myelin sheath) |
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What do you think of for myelin sheaths? |
The wave |
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What is the structure of myelin sheaths? |
Made of oliodendrocytes in the CNS Made of Schwann cells in the PNS White, fatty coating Nodes of Ranvier |
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What is the function of myelin sheaths? |
Supports, protects, and insulates axon Increases speed of contuction |
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Multiple sclerosis |
Patches of myelin in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed Autoimmune disease Affects 1 out of every 1000 people Symptoms: blindness, weakness, numbness |
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Nerves are... |
Cable-like bundles of parallel axons 3 connective tissue wrappings |
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What is the function of a synapse? |
Site at which neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles or glands |
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What is the structure of a synapse? |
Presynaptic neuron (synaptic vessels contain neurotransmitters Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic neuron (contain receptors) |