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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Measurable physical change from increased cells is defined as ___________. This includes height, weight, bone size, head circumference, and dentition. |
Growth |
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Gradual changes that can be difficult to measure, including: Biologic, physiologic, personality, cognition, language. |
Development |
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Define cephalocaudal: |
Head to tail growth and development.
Example: The head grows more than the body during prenatal growth. |
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Define proximodistal: |
Inner to outer growth and development.
Example: The brain and spinal cord develop before arms and legs do. |
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Define sequential trends: |
Growth and development that must go in order, you must complete one level before you can move on to the next.
Example: One must sit up before they learn to walk. |
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Define developmental pace: |
A parallel rate of growth and development. What counts is progress and consistency, each child's growth/development rate is different and that's okay. |
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The mastery of core conflicts in a sequential manner. |
Erikson's Psychosocial Development |
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The first phase: Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) takes place during ages _________ to ________. It coincides with Freud's _______________.
Defined as? |
Birth to one year; Freud's oral stage.
It's the phase where the infant will learn to trust (Example: their parent will come to them when they are crying and need them) or mistrust (Example: Parent won't respond when the young infant needs them.) |
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The 2nd phase: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (Erikson) takes place during ages _________ to ________ during Freud's __________ stage.
Defined as?
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1 to 3 years; Freud's anal-sphincter control stage.
Dependence creates doubt at their ability to control their own actions and feel shame that they want control-- they want independence |
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What particular action is big during autonomy vs. doubt? |
Imitation of other objects/people, animism, they switch from intense exploration to parallel play. |
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The 3rd phase: Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson) takes place from _______ to _______ during Freud's __________ stage.
Defined as? |
3-6 years old; Freud's phallic stage.
An age of enterprise, imagination, and conscience-- children are trying to make/build new things, trying to find a purpose. The child is trying to plan things (initiative), if a parent disapproves of this plan, the child feels guilt. |
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Body image vs. self-esteem |
Body image: Subjective attitude about own body based of physiologic, psychologic, and social components.
Self-esteem: Subjective judgment of worth, changes with development. |
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Temperament vs. personality |
Temperament: A child's nature. Ex: Shy, slow to warm up.
Personality: Actions made by a child. Ex: Adventurous. |
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How would your communication differ with an infant? Toddler? Pre-schooler? |
Infant: Speak calmly, move slowly. Toddler: Be more matter of fact with them. Pre-school: They may ask questions, answer them briefly and truthfully and move on.
All: Treat them and talk to them with an age-appropriate mind-set! |
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An infants vitals differ from an adult's. Their RR are _________, BP is __________, and pulse is _______ than an adult's. |
RR= higher, BP= lower, pulse= higher. |
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An infant should have about 8 front teeth by what age? |
1 year. |
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Reflex that lasts until about 3 months where baby turns toward the side that you are stroking them on the cheek. |
Rooting |
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Reflex that lasts until about 4 months where the baby acts startled and defends itself as you "drop them" |
Moro |
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When do the palmer and plantar grasps disappear? |
Palmer: 4 mos, plantar: 9 mos. |
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The stepping reflex disappears at about ________. |
8 weeks. |
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What is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex? |
"fencing" position, where the baby flexes on one side and points on the other side. |
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The first 6 months, the baby's weight increases by about _________, the height increases by? Head circumference increases by? |
Weight: 5-7 ounces per week, the weight doubles by 6 months and triples by 1 year.
Height: 2.5 cm or about 1 inch per month, by one year-- the height is increased by about 50%.
Head: Grows by 1.5 cm/month the first 6 mos. and .5 cm/month the 2nd 6 mos. Usually done growing by 18 mos. |
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1 Month Milestone |
Lifts head side to side, has head lag, clenched fists, and grasps. |
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2 Month Milestone |
Lifts head off bed, hands in open position. |
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3 month milestone |
Lifts head and shoulders when prone, improved head control, holds hands open in front of face. |
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4 month milestone |
Rolls prone to supine, good head control **NO BOBBLING AT THIS AGE, bats at objects. |
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5 month milestone |
Rolls supine to prone, sits supported, hands to mid-line, grasps rattle, grasps by raking. |
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6 month milestone |
Tripod sit (legs out for balance), releases object in hand to pick up another, holds bottle. |
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7 month milestone |
Sits with hands for support, bears full weight on feet, transfers objects from hand to hand. |
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8 month milestone |
Sits alone, gross pincer (2 finger) grasp. |
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9 month milestone |
Bangs things together, CRAWLS. |
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10 month milestone |
Pulls to stand, begins to cruise (10-11 mos), FINE pincer grasp, puts in and takes out objects into and out of a cup. |
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11 month milestone |
Begins to stand alone, continues cruising. Releases objects to another person. |
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12 month milestone |
Sits from standing position, walks alone, feeds self, points, colors (scribbles). |
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While initially trust needs to be gained beween parent and child, the child must later learn ____________________. |
Delayed gratification (about 6 mos) |
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Until about 3-4 months, what is the main concern for an infant? |
Food |
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Control is accomplished by __________ initially and later by: |
Crying initially, grasping and biting later |
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How does cognition develop in an infant? |
Reflexes turn to purposeful acts |
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When does an infant learn that it is separate from others and begin to fear new people? |
6-8 mos |
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What is object permanence and when does the baby learn it? |
Baby knows that even when an object is hidden, it is still there. It appears at about 8 months. |
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Infants typically engage in what type of play? |
Solitary |
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Vocalizations slowly become words. At 2 mos, you can expect to hear? 3-4 mos? 6 mos? 8 mos? |
2 mos: coos 3-4 mos: gurgles, 4-5 vowel sounds, laughing, responds to name and 'no', 6 mos: sqeauling/yelling 8 mos: imitates sounds |
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Younger infants communicate by ________, older infants tend to _________. |
crying; point |
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Infants should be able to say 3-5 words with meaning by what age? |
1 year |
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How long should an infant breast feed? |
At least 6 mos-- promotes more immunity via maternal antibodies and provides nutrition |
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What are signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance when an infant is drinking cow milk-based formula?
*What should you do to correct this? |
Sign: CRYING Symptoms: Gas, bloating, diarrhea
*Switch to soy-based formula |
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What are signs and symptoms of protein intolerance when an infant is using cow OR soy milk-based formula?
*How would you correct this? |
Signs: CRYING Symptoms: V/D with blood, abdominal pain, rash
*Switch to hydrolyzed formula |
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Define WIC |
Women Infants Children: a program that provides healthier foods/formula for young children up until they are 5 years old. |
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Define colic |
Incessant (3 hours a day, 3 days a week, for 3 days) crying in babies who are otherwise healthy and fed well.
*NOT a reason to change formulas |
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Why/who would you give a Vitamin D supplement?
How much should they have/day? |
ALL infants until they are drinking at least 32 oz. of vitamin D fortified formula/day or when they can go in the sun because babies aren't supposed to be in the sun the first 6 months.
400 IU/day starting at birth. |
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Iron supplementation is needed when?
When is it NOT needed? |
At 4-6 mos via iron-fortified cereal or iron drops; those who are ONLY breastfed should start liquid iron at 4-6 mos.
When they are using a formula.
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No cow's milk until? |
12 mos-- it can cause anemia |
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You can give an infant a new food every ________. |
4-7 days (to make sure there are no allergies to it) |
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When can a baby be on all table food? |
1 year; make sure you cut it SMALL! Some foods should be avoided (hot dogs, grapes, popcorn) |
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Fluoride supplementation should be used at ___________. Avoid using _________ initially because the fluoride levels will be too high. |
6 mos; toothpaste |
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Child abuse screening should be done how often? |
Every check up. |
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When should you let babies "cry it out" instead of tending to them? |
6-8 mos |
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It is important to keep a consistent ________________ to promote security.
'self-soothers' such as pacifiers and blankets will provide comfort as well but may become a ___________. |
Bed time routine.
crutch.
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How can a parent avoid SIDS? |
NO extra pillows, bumpers, stuffed toys. Put them on their back to sleep |
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What is the number 1 injury that causes death each year? |
Motor vehicle injury |
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How do you prevent aspiration in babies? |
Rule of thumb: if it can fit in a toilet paper roll, it is too small (<1.25") |
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From 0-2 years, how should you position a car seat? |
Rear-facing car seat in the BACK til 2 years or when weight requirements are met |
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2 years and up, how should you position a car seat? |
forward-facing car seat in the BACK until weight requirements are met. |
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How should school-aged kids ride in the car? |
With a booster seat until the seat belt fits correctly, the child id 4'9, and they are over 12 years old--then they have to wear a lap/shoulder belt. |
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When can a child ride up front? |
13 years old and up |
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At ________, the child can eat 3 meals a day with snacks in between and they can control their stool better. |
18 mos |
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Toddlers differ in the musculoskeletal area because? |
Their bellies stick out because their abdominal muscles aren't developed well enough |
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Toddlers are at a higher risk for? |
Colds, immunity isn't up to par yet and they don't have their mother's passive immunity anymore. |
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Weight gain in a toddler slows to? Height? Anterior fontanel is closed at? |
Weight gain: 4-6 lbs/year Height: 3"/year Anterior fontanel is closed by 18 mos |
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Toddlers are technically age: |
12-36 mos |
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How do toddlers play? |
Side by side but do not share yet; play is parallel |
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How is a toddler's behavior different from an infant's? |
They are tyrannical, strong willed, need comfort, ritualistic, frustrated by limits (too bad, toddlers NEED limits), throw tantrums "terrible twos" |
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How should you cope with a toddler who is throwing a tantrum? |
Ignore them and put them in time out (one min per year of age) in an area specifically designed for punishment. Restart if the toddler comes out early. |
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What is an issue during autonomy vs shame/doubt? |
separation anxiety |
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How developed are toddlers in the cognitive/moral development area? |
They understand good vs bad, egocentric, can symbolize objects/people to imitate them, use old knowledge and new skills to combine knowledge for new situations |
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Gross motor skills that are acquired during toddler age: 12 mos, 24 mos, 36 mos |
12 mos: Walk alone 24 mos: Kicks balls, stands on tip toes, walks one step at a time up or down stairs 36 mos: Runs wells, climbs stairs alternating feet, pedals tricycle |
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Fine motor skills acquired during the toddler years: 12 mos, 24 mos, 36 mos, 18 mos |
12 mos: Feeds self with fingers 18 mos: Throws ball keeps balance, turns hard paged book pages 24 mos: Builds towers with 6-7 blocks, round pegs in holes 36 mos: Draw circles, undressses self. |
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How does language develop in the toddler years? |
They move from pointing to words, increasing comprehension, can say 2-3 word sentences by two years, should know about 50 words by 2 years-- uses words to describe things
-echolalia -stuttering *Both normal |
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What is characteristic of a toddler's typical eating habits? |
They are very picky, you should offer them a variety of food in small amounts, eating habits established by 3 years old STICK |
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How much milk should a toddler have? What kind? |
24-32 oz milk/day, skim AFTER 24 months, Whole before that--promotes proper brain development |
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What is a toddler's sleeping pattern like? |
12 hours/day with one or no naps |
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By what age should a toddler have regular dental exams? |
12-18 mos, must brush with fluoride! |
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When should a child have all 20 of their primary teeth? |
30 mos |
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How do you assess a toddler's readiness for toilet training? |
Voluntary sphincter control, able to stay dry for 2 hours, able to take off clothes using fine motor skills, willing to please parents, asking adults about their toilet habits, impatient with wet diapers |
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Toilet training begins in the ___________ phase and ends in the ___________ phase. |
Toddler/ pre-school (3-4 years old--when the child has daytime bowel/bladder control) |
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______ girls and ________ boys are dry by the age of 5. (Night time wetting takes longer to manage) |
MOST girls and 75% boys |
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Increased risk of bed wetting if? |
One or both parents wet the bed |
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__________ of adults continue to have enuresis. |
1% (can take meds or set alarms) |
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What are the side effects of hospitalization for a toddler? |
Separation anxiety, toddler feels a loss of control, temper tantrums, they remember bad experiences in the hospitals-- never give them shots in their 'happy place' |
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___________ are the #1 cause of death in toddlers, the highest rate is in _________ old toddlers. |
Injuries/15-17 mos |
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What are examples of injuries common in young kids? |
Motor vehicle accidents, drowning, burns, poison, aspiration, suffocation, bodily damage, falls. |
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How does the weight and height in a pre-school aged child (3-5 years old) |
Weight: gain about 5 lbs/year Height: 2 1/2" to 3"/year |
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Vocab and complexity of language in a pre-school aged child increase dramatically between ages _________. |
2-5 years old |
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Increased ___________ and _____________ occur during the pre-school age. |
complexity and vocabulary |
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Play in pre-schoolers is predominantly ____________. |
Associative, kid will initiate pay with others. They are imitating a lot, imaginative, and dramatic-- they want to learn |
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What are some typical milestones of pre-schoolers? |
Walk/run/climb/jump all well established, refined hand/eye coordination, dresses self and ties shoes by 5 years old, wants to please but challenges values, has internalized values and standards of family/culture |
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With a pre-schooler, one important method of learning is gained by? |
Providing acceptable choices.
Example: Would you like to wear the blue shirt or the green shirt today? |
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Initiative vs guilt takes place during toddlerhood, what is this defined as? |
Child takes on tasks that they may not be able to do-initiative- and think they have misbehaved when they fail-guilt-
->Begin to understand cause/effect -> Still in good vs bad orientation of toddlers |
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What takes place in addition to initiative and guilt during the pre-school age? |
Child begins to understand cause/effect, still understanding good/bad, beginning to learn what's socially acceptable, VERY concrete sense of fairness/justice |
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In a pre-schooler, mastery of independence promotes __________ and stressful times cause __________________. |
positive self-concept; regression of maturity |
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How does cognitive development differ in a pre-schooler? |
Shift from egocentric->socially aware |
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What is a pre-schoolers concept of time like? |
They have an incomplete understanding, they link time to events...not numbers
EX: Dad comes home when dinner is served. |
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Pre-schoolers use what kind of thinking frequently? |
"magical thinking"-- they think if something they wished for happens, it is their fault and feel guilty |
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Pre-schooler don't understand cause/effect of __________________. |
ilness-- may see it as punishment from God |
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Pre-schoolers have increasing comprehension of ______________ and poorly defined _____________. |
Desirable/undesirable appearances, racial ID, differences in appearance, biases
Poorly defined body boundaries: Great fear of this age is bodily harm (If I cut myself, I will bleed to death!) |
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Pre-schoolers have a strong attachment with ____________ while they try to identify with _______________. |
Opposite sex parent, same sex parent |
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______________ becomes a concern with pre-schoolers. |
Modesty (start calling body parts by other names, etc. trying to be more polite in public) |
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Health promotion of a child includes _____________ with _____________. |
Periodic screenings with immunization |
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Pre-school aged kids should take which following safety precautions? |
Wearing a helmet and protective gear, guns locked up and away from child---EDUCATE PARENTS |