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331 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the hippocampus?
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The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other mammals. It belongs to the limbic system and plays major roles in long term memory and spatial navigation. Like the cerebral cortex, it is a paired structure, with mirror-image halves in the left and right sides of the brain. The hippocampus is closely associated with the cerebral cortex, and in primates is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It is shaped like a curved tube, which in humans is convoluted in a way that reminded early anatomists of a seahorse. The name, in fact, derives from the Greek word for seahorse (Greek: ιππος, hippos = horse, καμπος, kampos = sea monster).
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What is the thalamus?
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The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness.[4] Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, forming thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits that are believed to be involved with consciousness. The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, the level of awareness, and activity. Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma.
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What is the hypothalamus?
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The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the Autonomic Nervous System. It synthesizes and secretes neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, [1] fatigue, and circadian cycles.
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What is the amygdala?
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Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.
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What is the frontal cortex?
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The executive functions of the frontal lobes involve the ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, to choose between good and bad actions (or better and best), override and suppress unacceptable social responses, and determine similarities and differences between things or events.Therefore, it is involved in higher mental functions.
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What is the occipital lobe?
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The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex.
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What is split brain?
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Split-brain is a lay term to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. The surgical operation to produce this condition is called corpus callosotomy. It is performed rarely, usually as a last resort in otherwise intractable epilepsy: to mitigate the risk of accidental physical injury by reducing the severity and violence of epileptic seizures.
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What are the consequences of a split brain?
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A patient with a split brain, when shown an image in his or her left visual field (that is, the left half of what both eyes see), will be unable to name what he or she has seen. This is because the speech-control center is in the left side of the brain in most people, and the image from the left visual field is sent only to the right side of the brain. (Those with the speech control center in the right side will experience similar symptoms when an image is presented in the right visual field.) Since communication between the two sides of the brain is inhibited, the patient cannot name what the right side of the brain is seeing. The person can, however, pick up and show recognition of an object (one within the left overall visual field) with their left hand, since that hand is controlled by the right side of the brain.
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What is the function of dopamine?
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Dopamine affects movement, attention, learning and reinforcement.
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What is the function of seratonin?
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Seratonin affects mood, sleep, appetite, impulsivity and aggression.
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What is the function of monoamine oxidase?
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Because of the vital role that MAOs play in the inactivation of neurotransmitters, MAO dysfunction (too much or too little MAO activity) is thought to be responsible for a number of neurological disorders. For example, unusually high or low levels of MAOs in the body have been associated with depression, substance abuse, attention deficit disorder, migraines, and irregular sexual maturation. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are one of the major classes of drug prescribed for the treatment of depression, although they are last line treatment due to risk of the drug's interaction with diet or other drugs. Excessive levels of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) may lead to a hypertensive crisis, and excessive levels of serotonin may lead to serotonin syndrome.
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The nervous system consists of the ______ and the ________.
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central nervous system
peripheral nervous system |
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The central nervous system consists of the ______ and the ______.
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brain
spinal cord |
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The peripheral nervous system is comprised of the ____ and ____.
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somatic system
autonomic system |
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The autonomic system is divided into ____ and ____
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sympathetic system
parasypathetic system |
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The cerebellum regulates _____
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muscle tone
posture smooth muscle movements |
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What is the motor cortex?
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Motor cortex is a term that describes regions of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.
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What are heuristics?
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In psychology, heuristics are simple, efficient rules, hard-coded by evolutionary processes or learned, which have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems, typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information. These rules work well under most circumstances, but in certain cases lead to systematic errors or cognitive biases. Heuristic theories in psychology motivate both proponents and opponents of the theory to pursue research related to it.
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What is an algorithm?
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In mathematics, computing, linguistics, and related disciplines, an algorithm is a procedure (a finite set of well-defined instructions) for accomplishing some task which, given an initial state, will terminate in a defined end-state
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What is a schema?
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A schema (pl. schemata), in psychology and cognitive science, is a mental structure that represents some aspect of the world. Schemata were initially introduced into psychology and education through the work of the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969){{Bartlett, 1932[1]}}. This learning theory views organized knowledge as an elaborate network of abstract mental structures which represent one's understanding of the world. Schema theory was developed by the educational psychologist R. C. Anderson. The term schema was used by Jean Piaget in 1926, so it was not an entirely new concept. Anderson, however, expanded the meaning
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What is attribution theory?
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Attribution theory is a social psychology theory developed by Fritz Heider, Harold Kelley, Edward E. Jones, and Lee Ross.
The theory is concerned with the ways in which people explain (or attribute) the behavior of others or themselves (self-attribution) with something else. It explores how individuals "attribute" causes to events and how this cognitive perception affects their usefulness in an organization. |
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Name 2 attributions
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situational - fail test "The test was unfair"
dispositional - fail test: "I am no good in school." |
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What are Freud's psychosexual stages?
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oral (0-18 months)
anal (18-24 months) phallic (2-4) latency genital |
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Describe Freud's oral phase
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From birth to approx. 18months the child is in the oral stage. Here they are primarily focused on the mouth and lips this includes sucking and feeding. If the child feels frustration due to feeding being restricted or late they can become fixated on this stage. In adulthood this can develop into pessimism, envy, suspicion and sarchasm. If food is given too readily and overindulgence occurs the fixation can result in optimism, gullibility, and admiration for others in later life. In both cases the adult oral character can often find themselves eating or drinking excessively, thumb sucking or even smoking as a release for their oral energy.
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Describe Freud's anal phase.
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From 18months to 24months the child is in the anal stage. In this stage they are learning to control the expulsion of feces so the libidinal energy is focused in the anal passage. There are two types of anal fixation, Explosive and Retentive. The explosive character would have been prone to malicious excretion either just before they were placed on the toilet or just after they were removed from the toilet. In this case the explosive characters can develop if the parents are too lax with discipline. In adulthood it can result in messy or disorganized people who are reckless, careless, and defiant. The retentive character takes pleasure in holding in the feces in spite of the parents training. These people develop into neat, organized, careful, meticulous, obstinate people often mean with money who are passive-aggressive.
This stage has significant effects on the future views of authority. |
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Describe Freud's phallic phase.
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At 24months to about 48months the libidal energy shifts from the anal region to the genital region. This is where the Oedipus or Electra complex is developed. The young boy falls in love with his mother and wishes that his father was not in the way of his love (the Oedipus Complex). At this point he notices that women have no penis and fears that the punishment of his father for being in love with his wife, may be castration. This fear is enhanced if he is shouted at for masturbation at this stage. Once the fear of retaliation has subsided the boy will learn to earn his mother's love vicariously by becoming as much like his father as possible. This is where the super-ego stems from. He will adopt his father's beliefs and ideals as his own and move on to the latency stage.
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Describe Freud's latency phase.
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The latency stage lasts from the end of the phallic stage until puberty. This is not actually a psychosexual stage it is where the libido lies dormant allowing the child to develop same sex friendships as well as school, and athletics. It is the ultimate in sexual repression.
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Describe Freud's Genital phase.
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The genital stage starts at puberty allowing the child to develop opposite sex relationships with the libidal energy again focused on the genital area. According to Freud if any of the stages are fixated on, these is not enough libidal energy for this stage to develop untroubled. To have a fully functional adulthood the previous stages need to be fully resolved and there needs to be a balance between love and work.
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What are the 4 phases of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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sensorimotor (0-2)
preoperational (2-6) concrete operational (6-12) formal operational (12-on) |
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Describe Piaget's sensorimotor period.
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Infants gain an understanding of the world through their 5 senses and their motor activities.Object permanence is the term used to describe the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.
Jean Piaget conducted experiments with infants which led him to conclude that this awareness was typically achieved at eight to nine months of age, during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. Such experiments consisted of behavioral tests with infant subjects. The infant would be shown a desirable object or toy, for example, and the toy would then be covered by a blanket or otherwise obscured from view while the infant was watching. Some of the infant subjects would immediately exhibit signs of confusion or dismay. Piaget interpreted these behavioral signs as evidence of a belief that the object had somehow 'vanished' or simply ceased to exist. Piaget concluded that some infants were too young to understand object permanence, which would tend to explain why they do not cry when their mothers were gone ("out of sight, out of mind").[1] A lack of object permanence can lead to A-not-B errors, where children reach for a thing at a place where it should not be. |
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Describe Piaget's preoperational phase.
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symbolic function - one thing can represent another
egocentrism-everyone sees what they see, etc |
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Describe Piaget's concrete phase.
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conservation-matter remains the same
reversibility |
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Describe Piaget's Formal Operational Phase.
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It is characterized by acquisition of the ability to think abstractly, reason logically and draw conclusions from the information available, as well as apply all these processes to hypothetical situations. During this stage the young adult is able to understand such things as love, "shades of gray", logical proofs, and values.
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Name Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development.
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Pre-Conventional
Conventional Post-Conventional |
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What are the 2 stages of pre-conventional moral development?
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stage 1 - avoid punishment
stage 2 - gain reward |
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What are the 2 stages of conventional morality?
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stage 3 - please help and be approved by others
stage 4 - authority and social order |
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What are the 2 stages of postconventional morality?
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stage 5 - laws should protect both society & individual. If not, law should be changed.
stage 6 -universal principles. following conscience may violate a law. |
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Name Erikson's psychosocial phases.
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1 Basic trust v mistrust (0-1.5)
2 autonomy v doubt&shame (1.5-3) 3 initiative v guilt (3-6) 4 industry v inferiority (6-12) 5 identity v role confusion (12-20) 6 intimacy v isolation (20-40) 7 generativity v stagnation (40-65) 8 integrity v dispair (65+) |
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What is the main question asked during Erikson's basic trust v mistrust?
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Is my environment trustworthy or not?
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What is the central task of trust v mistrust?
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receiving care
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What is the potential positive outcome of trust v mistrust?
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trust in people and the environment
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What is the ego quality of trust v mistrust?
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hope
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What is the definition of trust v mistrust?
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Enduring belief that one can attain one's deep and essential wishes
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What are the developmental tasks of trust v mistrust?
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social attachment
maturation of sensory, perception and primitive causality |
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What is the significant relationship of trust v mistrust?
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maternal parent
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What is the ego quality of autonomy v doubt?
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will
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What is the ego quality of initiative v guilt?
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purpose
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What is the ego quality of industry v inferiority?
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competence
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What is the main question of idenity v role confusion?
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Who am I?
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What is the ego quality of identify v role confusion?
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fidelity
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What is the main question of intimacy v isolation?
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Am I loved and wanted?
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What is the ego quality of intimacy v isolation?
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love
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What is the ego quality of generativity v stagnation?
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care
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What is the ego quality of integrity v dispair?
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wisdom
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What is the central task of autonomy v shame?
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imitation
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What is the name of Hans Eysenck's theory of personality?
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PEN
P=psychoticism E=extraversion N=neuroticism |
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Who developed the P-E-N theory of personality?
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Hans Eysenck
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What are the Big Five Dimensions of personality?
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Openness to experience
Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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What theory is George Allport known for?
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Trait Theory
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Who developed trait theory of personality?
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George Allport
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What are the 3 parts of George Allport's trait theory?
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cardinal trait
central trait secondary trait |
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What is Allport's cardinal trait?
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This is the trait that dominates and shapes a person's behavior. These are rare as most people lack a single theme that shapes their lives.
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What is Allport's central trait?
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This is a general characteristic found in some degree in every person. These are the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits. An example of a central trait would be honesty.
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What is Allport's secondary trait?
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These are characteristics seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know). They must be included to provide a complete picture of human complexity.
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What theory did Alfred Adler develop?
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Individual Psychology
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Who developed Individual Psychology?
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Alfred Adler
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What ideas are Alfred Adler known for?
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inferiority complex
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Inferiority complex belongs to what theory of personality?
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Individual Psychology
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Inferiority complex is associated with what psychologist?
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Alfred Adler
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Who talked about the creative self?
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Alfred Adler
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What is Adler's creative self?
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The concept of the creative self places the responsibility for the individual's personality into his own hands. The Adlerian practitioner sees the individual as responsible for himself, he attempts to show the person that he cannot blame others or uncontrollable forces for his current condition.
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What is Julian Rotter known for?
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locus of control
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Who developed the theory of locus of control?
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Julian Rotter
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What are the 2 kinds of locus of control?
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internal locus of control
external locus of control |
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Describe internal locus of control.
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The individual is in control of her behavior and its consequences
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Describe external locus of control
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Individuals see fate, luck and chance in control of their behavior and their consequences
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What did Albert Bandura develop?
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social cognitive theory
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Self-efficacy is associated with which psychologist?
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Albert Bandura
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Describe high self-efficacy
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approach new situations confidently
set high goals persist in efforts because they think they're likely to succeed |
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Describe low self-efficacy
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expect failure
avoid challenges give up on tasks found difficult depression likely |
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Name 2 humanistic psychologists.
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Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers |
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Abraham Maslow associated with what school of psychology?
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humanistic
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Carl Rogers associated with what school of psychology?
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humanistic
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What talked about conditions of worth?
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Carl Rogers
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What are Carl Rogers 3 requirements for a therapist?
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congruence
empathy respect |
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What is Carl Roger's definition of congruence?
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genuineness and honesty with client
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How does Carl Rogers describe empathy?
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the ability to feel what the client feels
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How does Carl Rogers describe respect?
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acceptance
unconditional positive regard |
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Which psychologist theorized a therapist needs to show congruence, empathy and respect to a client?
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Carl Rogers
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What did Carl Rogers say is necessary and suffiicent in the therapeutic relationship?
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congruence
empathy respect |
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What is Raymond Cattel known for?
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16PF - 16 personality factors test
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What is an empirically validated treatment for panic disorder, both with and without agoraphobia?
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cognitive behavior therapy
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What is an emp val tx for gen anx dis?
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cognitive behavioral therapy
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Name 3 disorders that cognitive behavioral therapy is a EmpValTx for.
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panic dis w or w/o agora
gen anx dis bulemia |
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What is an emp val tx for agoraphobia?
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exposure treatment
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What are emp val tx for specific phobias?
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exposure/guided mastery
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What are emp val tx for Obs Comp Dis?
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exposure and response prevention
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what are 3 disorders whose well established emp val tx is exposure treatment?
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agoraphobia
specific phobia obs comp dis |
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what is an emp val tx for coping w/ stessors?
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stress inoculation training
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Name 3 emp val tx for depression
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behavior therapy
cognitive therapy interpersonal therapy |
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What is an emp val tx for headache?
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behavior therapy
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What 2 problems is behavior therapy an emp val tx for?
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depression
headache |
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What is a emp val tx for bulemia?
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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Behavior modification has been emp validated for what disorder?
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enuresis
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What is a well established emp val tx for enuresis?
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behavior modification
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What is an emp val tx for oppositional behavior?
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parent training programs
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Parent training programs are emp val (well established) for what?
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oppositional behavior
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A well established emp val tx for marital discord is _____
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behavioral marital therapy
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Applied relaxation is a probably efficacious treatment for what 2 disorders?
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panic disorder
gen anx dis |
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What is a probably eff treatment for panic disorder?
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applied relaxation
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What is a probably efficacious treat for panic disorder?
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applied relaxation
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Cognitive behav therapy is probably efficacious for what?
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social phobia
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________ is probably efficacious for social phobia.
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cognitive behavioral therapy
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What treatment is probably efficacious for OCD?
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cognitive therapy
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Cognitive therapy is a well established treatment for ______ and probably efficacious for _______
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depression
OCD |
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_______ is probably efficacious for civilian PTSD
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EMDR
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EMDR is probably efficacious for _______
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civilian PTSD
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Exposure treatment is probably efficacious for what 2 disorders?
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PTSD
social phobia |
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__ is prob efficacious for PTSD
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exposure treatment
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______ is prob eff tx for soical phobia
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exposure treatment
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Exposure treatment is well established to treat ___, ___, and ___ and probably efficacious with ____ and ___
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agoraphobia, specific phobia and OCD
PTSD and social phobia |
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Stress inoculation training is probably efficacious with ___
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PTSD
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What is probably efficacious in treating PTSD?
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exposure treatment
EMDR for civilian PTSD stress inoculation |
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Stress Inoculation Training is well-established in treating ____ and probably efficacious for ______
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coping with stressors
PTSD |
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Systematic desensitization is probably efficacious in treating what 3 disorders?
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animal phobia
public speaking anxiety social anxiety |
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What is probably efficacious in treating animal phobia?
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systematic desensitization
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What is probably efficacious in treating public speaking anxiety?
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systematic desensitization
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What is probably efficacious in treating social anxiety?
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systematic desensitization
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Where are neurotransmitters stored?
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In synaptic vesicles
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What are synaptic vesicles?
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They store neurotransmitters
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Name 3 types of neurons.
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1 afferent (senses)
2 efferent (motor) 3 interneurons |
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What are afferent neurons?
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Afferent neurons are sensory neurons, and relay information from the senses to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
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What are efferent neurons?
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Efferent neurons are motor neurons that relay information from the CNS(brain & spinal cord) to the glans and muscles.
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What are interneurons?
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Interneurons carry information between neurons. Interneuron cell bodies are always located in the CNS.
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What is a myelin shealth?
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The myelin sheath surrounds the axon of a neuron and is made of myelin, an electrically-insulating material.
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What are the major lobes of the cerebral cortex?
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frontal (motor)
parietal (integrate sensory info) occipital (vision) temporal (hearing) |
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What is the function of the frontal lobe?
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motor control
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What lobe controls motor skills?
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frontal lobe
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What is a function of the parietal lobe?
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integrates sensory information
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What lobe integrates sensory information?
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parietal lobe
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What is the function of the occipital lobe?
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vision
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What lobe deals with vision?
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occipital
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What is the function of the temporal lobe?
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hearing
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What lobe is involved in hearing?
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temporal
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Define Stress Inoculation Training (SIT).
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SIT is a flexible individually-tailored multifaceted form of cognitive behavioral therapy. An overlapping three stage intervention is employed: conceptualization, skills acquisition and rehearsal and finally application and follow through.
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Describe the conceptualization phase of SIT.
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In the initial conceptualization phase a collaborative relationship is established between the clients and the therapist (trainer). A Socratic-type exchange is used to educate clients about the nature and impact of stress and the role of both appraisal processes and the transactional nature of stress (i.e., how clients may inadvertently, unwittingly, and perhaps, even unknowingly, exacerbate the level of stress they experience). Clients are encouraged to view perceived threats and provocations as problems-to-be-solved and to identify those aspects of their situations and reactions that are potentially changeable and those aspects that are not changeable. They are taught how to "fit" either problem-focus or emotion-focus to the perceived demands of the stressful situation (e.g., see Folkman et al., 1991). The clients are taught how to breakdown global stressors into specific short-term, intermediate and long-term coping goals.
As a result of interviewing, psychological testing, client self-monitoring, and reading materials, the clients' stress response is reconceptualized as being made-up of different components that go through predictable phases of preparing, building up, confronting, and reflecting upon their reactions to stressors. The specific reconceptualization that is offered is individually-tailored to the client's specific presenting problem (e.g. anxiety, anger, physical pain, etc.). As a result of a collaborative process a more hopeful and helpful model is formulated; a model that lends itself to specific intervention. |
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Describe the skills acquisition and rehearsal phase of SIT.
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The second phase of SIT focuses on skills acquisition and rehearsal that follows naturally from the initial conceptualization phase. The coping skills that are taught and practiced primarily in the clinic or training setting and then gradually rehearsed in vivo are tailored to the specific stressors clients may have to deal with (e.g., chronic illness, traumatic stressors, job stress, surgery, sports competition, military combat, etc.). The specific coping skills may include emotional self-regulation, self-soothing and acceptance, relaxation training, self-instructional training, cognitive restructuring, problem-solving, interpersonal communication skills training, attention diversion procedures, using social support systems and fostering meaning-related activities.
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Describe the application and follow through phase of SIT.
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The final phase of application and follow through provides opportunities for the clients to apply the variety of coping skills across increasing levels of stressors (inoculation concept as used in medical immunization or in social psychology to prepare individuals to resist the impact of persuasive messages). Such techniques as imagery and behavioral rehearsal, modeling, role playing, and graded in vivo exposure in the form of "personal experiments" are employed. In order to further consolidate these skills individuals may even be asked to help others with similar problems (Fremouw & Harinatz, 1975; Meichenbaum, 1994). Relapse prevention procedures (i.e., identifying high risk situations, warning signs, and ways to coping with lapses), attribution procedures (i.e., ensuring clients take credit for and appropriate ownership by putting into their own words the changes that have taken place), and follow-through (i.e., booster sessions) are built into SIT.
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Define systematic desensitiization.
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A behavioral therapy technique in which a client is taught to prevent the arousal of anxiety by confronting the feared stimulus while relaxed.
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What is the absolute threshold?
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An absolute threshold is the smallest detectable level of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.
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The smallest detectable level of a stimulus is _________.
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absolute threshold
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What is a difference threshold?
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the smallest increase or decrease required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50 % of the time.
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The smallest change in a stimulus that can be noticed is _______
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difference threshold
just noticeable difference |
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What is Weber's Law?
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states that jnd based on a percentage or proportion of stimulus change instead of a fixed amount of change.
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What is transduction?
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the process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into electrochemical neural impulses.
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The process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into electrochemical neural impulses is _______.
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transduction
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The process in which sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time is _______.
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sensory adaptation
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What is sensory adaptation?
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the process by which sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time.
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What is the visible spectrum?
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the band of electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye
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The band of electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye is the _______.
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visible spectrum
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What is wavelength?
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the distance from the peak of a light wave to the peak of the next wave
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The distance from the peak of a light wave to the peak of the next wave is defined as _______.
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wavelength
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What is the cornea?
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A tough, transparent, protective layer covering the iris, pupil and anterior chamber.
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What is the tough, transparent, protective layer of the eye that covers the iris, pupil and the anterior chamber?
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cornea
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What is the iris?
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The iris is a membrane in the eye that regulates the amount of light that reaches the retina.
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The membrane in the eye, responsible for regulating the amount of light reaching the retina is the _____.
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iris
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What is the pupil?
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The pupil is the sphere that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
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The sphere located in the center of the iris of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye is the _____
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pupil
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What is the anterior chamber?
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The anterior chamber is the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium. Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber.
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The fluid-filled space between the iris and the cornea is the _______.
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anterior chamber
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What is the lens?
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transparent disk-shaped structure behind the iris and pupil. It changes shape while focusing on an object.
|
|
The transparent disk-shaped structure behind the iris and pupil is the ____.
|
lens
|
|
What are rods?
|
light sensitive receptor cells in the retina. They look like slender cylinders and allows the eye to respond to low light.
|
|
Light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that look like slender cylinders are ______.
|
rods
|
|
What are cones?
|
light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that allow humans to perceive color and fine detail.
|
|
Light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that enable humans to perceive color and fine detail are the ____.
|
cones
|
|
What is the fovea?
|
a small center area of the retina that provides clearest and sharpest vision. It has the largest concentration of cones.
|
|
What is the area of the retina that has the largest concentration of cones?
|
fovea
|
|
What is the blind spot?
|
point in each retina with no rods and cones
|
|
The point in each retina with no rods and cones is the _______.
|
blind spot
|
|
What is the function of the optic nerve?
|
carries visual information from the retina to both sides of the brain.
|
|
The _______ carries visual information from the retina to both sides of the brain.
|
optic nerve
|
|
What is the primary visual cortex?
|
part of the brain that processes visual information
|
|
The part of the brain that processes visual information is the _____.
|
primary visual cortex
|
|
What is hue?
|
the specific color perceived, like red, blue, yellow, etc
|
|
What is saturation?
|
the purity of the color
|
|
The purity of a color is ______.
|
saturation
|
|
What is brightness?
|
the intensity of the light energy that is perceived
|
|
The intensity of the light energy that is perceived is _____.
|
brightness
|
|
What is the trichromatic theory of color?
|
Three types of cones in the retina each make a maximal chemical response to one of three colors: blue, green and red.
|
|
What is the opponent-process theory of color vision?
|
Three kinds of cells respond by increasing or decreasing their rate of firing when different colors are present. The types of cells are red/green, yellow/blue and white/black.
|
|
What is frequency?
|
the number of cycles completed by a sound wave in 1 second, measure in hertz.
|
|
The number of cycles completed by a sound wave in 1 second is ____.
|
frequency
|
|
What is amplitude?
|
the loudness of sound, measured in decibels
|
|
Frequency is measured in ____ and amplitude is measured in ____.
|
Hertz
decibels |
|
_______ is measured in Hertz and ____ is measured in decibels.
|
frequency
amplitude |
|
What is timbre?
|
the distinctive qualities of a sound. For instance, a trumpet and violin sound different even when playing the same note.
|
|
What are the parts of the ear?
|
outer ear
middle ear inner ear |
|
What are the parts of the outer ear?
|
pinna
auditory canal |
|
What is the purpose of the pinna?
|
collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal.
|
|
The purpose of the ____ is to collect sound.
|
pinna
|
|
What is the auditory canal?
|
The ear canal is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum.
|
|
The _____ is a tube running from the outer ear (pinna) to the middle ear (eardrum).
|
auditory (ear) canal
|
|
What is the eardrum?
|
The eardrum, or tympanic membrane, is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
|
|
The ____ is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
|
eardrum (tympanic membrane)
|
|
What is the function of the eardrum?
|
Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear.
|
|
Name the 3 ossicles.
|
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup) |
|
What is the cochlea?
|
The fluid filled snail shaped bony chamber in the inner ear. It contains the basilar membrane and hair cells.
|
|
What are hair cells?
|
sound receptors inside inner ear
|
|
The sound receptors inside the inner ear are _____.
|
hair cells
|
|
Describe place therory.
|
Place theory is a theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.
|
|
What is the theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane?
|
place theory
|
|
What is olfaction?
|
the sense of smell
|
|
The sense of smell is called ____.
|
olfaction
|
|
What are the olfactory epithelium?
|
2 1-inch square patches of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity
|
|
Name the 2 1-inch square patches of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity
|
olfactory epithelium
|
|
What is the function of the olfactory bulbs?
|
The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain.
|
|
What is gustation?
|
sense of taste
|
|
____ is the sense of taste.
|
gustation
|
|
What are the basic tastes?
|
sweet
sour salty bitter umani |
|
What are papillae?
|
small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds
|
|
Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are ______.
|
papillae
|
|
_______ allows sensation of where and how hard you have been touched.
|
somatosensory cortex
|
|
What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?
|
allows sensations of where and how hard you have been touched
|
|
What is the basic question of the two-point threshold test?
|
How far apart do two separate points need to be before they are perceived as two points rather than one?
|
|
Our perception of pain is influenced by...
|
psychological factors
culture endorphins |
|
The body's own natural pain killers that block pain and produce a feeling of well-being are _____
|
endorphins
|
|
What are endorphins?
|
the body's own natural pain killers that block pain and produce a feeling of well-being
|
|
Where are endorphins produced?
|
by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus
|
|
What is produced during strenuous exercise, excitement, pain and orgasm?
|
endorphins
|
|
Endorphins are produced during what activities?
|
strenuous exercise
excitement pain orgasm |
|
______ provides information about the position of body parts in relation to each other and the movement of the entire body or its parts
|
kinesthetic sense
|
|
What is kinesthetic sense?
|
provides information about the position of body parts in relation to each other and the movement of the entire body or its parts
|
|
What is vestibular sense?
|
detects movement and the body's orientation in space
|
|
____ detects movement and the body's orientation in space.
|
vestibular sense
|
|
What are the semicircular canals?
|
3 fluid filled tubular canals in the inner ear. They sense the rotation of the head.
|
|
3 fluid filled tubular canals in the inner ear are the ______
|
semicircular canals
|
|
Explain Gestalt Psychology.
|
a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel and analog with self-organizing tendencies. In other words, the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
|
|
What are the Gestalt laws?
|
law of closure
law of similarity law of proximity law of symmetry law of continuity law of common fate |
|
What theory of mind and brain implies that the sum is different from the sum of its parts?
|
Gestalt Psychology
|
|
Describe the Gestalt law of similarity.
|
objects that have similar characteristics are grouped togehter
|
|
Objects that have similar characteristics are grouped together is a description of what?
|
The Gestalt Law of Similarity.
|
|
Describe the Gestalt Law of Proximity.
|
objects that are close together are perceived as belonging together
|
|
_____ states that objects that are close together are perceived as belonging together.
|
The gestalt Law of Proximity
|
|
Describe the Gestalt Law of Continuity.
|
figures or objects are perceived as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern.
|
|
_______ staes that figures or objects are perceived as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern.
|
The Gestalt Law of Continuity
|
|
What is the Gestalt Law of Closure?
|
figures with gaps in them are perceived as complete
|
|
_______ states figures with gaps in them are perceived as complete.
|
The Gestalt Law of Closure
|
|
What is the Gestalt Law of Symmetry?
|
symmetrical images are perceived collectively, even in spite of distance (figure ground relationships)
|
|
What is size constancy?
|
as objects move away they seem to maintain the same size
|
|
What is brightness constancy?
|
objects seem to maintain a constant level of brightness regardless of differences in lighting conditions
|
|
What is shape constancy?
|
objects are perceived as having an unchanging shape regardless of viewing angle changes that alter the retinal image
|
|
name binocular depth cues.
|
stereopsis
convergence |
|
Name monocular depth cues.
|
interposition
linear perspective relative size texture gradient atmospheric perspective shadow or shading motion parallax |
|
What are the stages of remembering?
|
encoding
storage retrieval |
|
What is encoding?
|
transferring information into a form that can be stored in memory.
|
|
_______ is transferring information into a form that can be stored in memory
|
encoding
|
|
What is storage?
|
the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory
|
|
The process of keeping or maintaining information in memory is _____.
|
storage
|
|
What is retrieval?
|
bringing to mind information stored in memory
|
|
______ is bringing to mind information stored in memory.
|
retrieval
|
|
What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
|
a psychological model about the structure of memory.
|
|
What are the memory systems of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
|
sensory memory
short-term memory long-term memory |
|
What is displacement in regards to memory?
|
when short-term memory is filled to capacity, new items push out existing items.
|
|
Purposely repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory is _____.
|
rehearsal
|
|
What kinds of rehearsal are there?
|
maintenance rehearsal
elaborative rehearsal |
|
What is maintenance rehearsal?
|
repeating information over and over again until it is no longer needed
|
|
What is elaborative rehearsal?
|
a memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is already known
|
|
What are the divisions of long-term memory?
|
declarative memory
procedural (nondeclarative) memory |
|
What are the divisions of declarative memory, which is part of long-term memory?
|
episodic memory
semantic memory |
|
What is episodic memory?
|
records events as they have been subjectively experienced
|
|
The record of events as they have been subjectively experienced is ___.
|
episodic memory, which is part of declarative memory, which is part of long-term memory
|
|
What is semantic memory?
|
stores general knowledge or objective facts and information
|
|
______ stores general knowledge or objective facts and information
|
semantic memory
|
|
What is nondeclarative memory?
|
stores motor skills, habits and simple clasically conditioned responses.
|
|
______ stores motor skills, habits, and simple clasically conditioned responses.
|
nondeclarative memory
|
|
Name memory tasks
|
recall
recognition relearning |
|
What is the serial position effect?
|
recall is better for items at the end and beginning of a sequence than for middle items
|
|
What is the primacy effect?
|
tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more readily than middle items
|
|
What is the recency effect?
|
tendency to recall last items in a sequence more readily than the middle
|
|
What is method of loci?
|
A memorization technique in which you use locations in a familiar building and place the items you want to remember in certain set locations.
|
|
What is a peg system of memorization?
|
Memorize pegwords ahead of time to use in memorizing a list of word; ex: one bun, two shoe, three tree. place 1st item in bun, 2nd item in a shoe, etc
|
|
Describe naive idealism.
|
a type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for problems. Example: a teen with divorced parents may idealize the non-custodial parent.
|
|
In Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, ______ during the ______ is a type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for problems.
|
naive idealism
formal operational phase |
|
Name types of social thinking that define adolescent egocentrism.
|
imaginary audience
personal fable |
|
Describe imaginary audience.
|
A belief of adolescents that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving as they are of themselves.
|
|
_______ is a belief of adolescent that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving of them as they are of themselves. This is during the _____ phase of Piaget's _____.
|
imaginary audience
formal operational Cognitive Development Theory |
|
An exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility is called _____ in the ___ phase of _____'s Theory of Cognitive Development.
|
personal fable
formal operational Piaget |
|
Describe personal fable.
|
an exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility. It is part of the formal operational phase of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.
|
|
What is the significance of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California?
|
psychologists have a "duty to warn" a person who has been threatened by a patient in a session.
|
|
What famous case charged mental health professionals with a "duty to warn"and "... the confidential character of patient-psychotherapist communications must yield to the extent that disclosure is essential to avert danger to others. The protective privilege ends where the public peril begins."?
|
Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California
|
|
Who was Prosenjit Poddar?
|
he murdered Tatiana Tarasoff after he told his therapist Dr. Lawrence Moore he was planning to.
|
|
Who killed Tatiana Tarasoff?
|
Prosenjit Poddar
|
|
Who treated Prosenjit Poddar?
|
Dr. Lawrence Moore
|
|
Mental Retardation is defined as having an IQ below ____.
|
70, but also deficits in adaptive behaviors occuring before age 18.
|
|
Having an IQ from 70-79 is considered ______.
|
borderline intellectual functioning
|
|
Mild MR is considered an IQ between ___
|
50-69
|
|
An IQ below 20 is called ______
|
profound mental retardation
|
|
What is autism?
|
a brain development disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.
|
|
A brain development disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior is _____.
|
autism
|
|
What is Asperger Syndrome?
|
an autism spectrum disorder. People with AS show significant difficulties in social interaction and restricted, stereotyped patterns of behavior.
|
|
What is PDD-NOS?
|
Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified. It is an autism spectrum disorder.
|
|
What are the main forms of ASD?
|
autism
Asperger Syndrome PDD-NOS |
|
What is spina bifida?
|
developmental birth defect involving the neural tube
|
|
What is PKU?
|
phenylketonuria. An autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).
|
|
What is muscular dystrophy?
|
MD refers to a group of genetic, hereditary muscle diseases that weaken the muscles that move the human body.
|
|
Beck's cognitive therapy is a well-established treatment for _____
|
depression
|
|
Well-established treatments for depression are
|
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
Klerman and Weissman's interpersonal therapy |
|
Behavior Modification is a well-established treatment for ____ and probably efficacious for
|
developmentally disabled individuals
enuresis encopresis sex offenders |
|
A well-estab tx for dev dis is ___
|
behavior modification
|
|
A well esab tx for enuresis is
|
behavior modification
|
|
A well-estab tx for encopresis is ___
|
behavior modification
|
|
A prob efficacious tx for sex offenders is...
|
behavior mod
|
|
Behavior therapy is well-estab tx for
|
headache
irritable bowel syndrome female orgasmic dysfunction male erectile dysfunction |
|
A well-estab tx for headache is ____
|
behavior therapy
|
|
A well-estab tx for female orgasmic dysfunction is
|
behavior therapy
|
|
well-estab tx for IBS
|
behavior tx
|
|
well-estab tx for male erectile dysfunction
|
behavior therapy
|
|
Cognitive behavioral therapy is well-established in treating...
|
chronic pain
panic disorder w/ or w/o agoraphobia generalized anxiety disorder |
|
A well-estab tx for chronic pain is..
|
CBT
|
|
A well-established treatment for panic disorder is ___ and a probably-efficacious treatment is ____
|
CBT
applied relaxation |
|
well-estab for GAD?
|
CBT
|
|
Exposure treatment is a well-established treatment for
|
agoraphobia
social phobia simple phobia PTSD |
|
A well-established tx for schizophrenia is...
|
family education programs
|
|
Well-established treatments for social phobia are
|
exposure treatment
group cognitive behavioral therapy |
|
well-estab tx for OCD
|
exposure and response prevention
|
|
A well-established treatment for bulemia is
|
interpersonal therapy
|
|
A well-established treatment for use with children with oppositional behavior is..
|
parent training programs
|
|
A well-estab tx for simple phobia is>>>
|
systematic desensitization
|
|
A probably-efficacious treatment for Borderline PD is ___
|
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
|
|
Dialectical Behavior Therapy is probably efficacious with ____
|
Borderline Personality Disorder
|